Multilingual Speech Processing

500 INDEX

LRE (Language Resources and Evaluation)

program, 57

LSA (latent semantic analysis), 198

LSP (line spectral pairs), 229

LVCSR (large vocabulary continuous speech

recognition), 45, 81, 130, 266, 307

LVCSR (large vocabulary continuous speech

recognition)-based language

identification, 266–267

LVCSR (large vocabulary continuous speech

recognition)/HUB-5 technology

evaluations, 46

LVCSR (large vocabulary continuous speech

recognition)/Keyword Spotting, 269

M

machine translation, 195

machine translation evaluation, 383–389

automatic evaluation scheme, 387–389

overview, 383

rank evaluation method, 383–384

translation paired comparison method,

384–387

MAD (MT-Assisted Dialogs), 374–376

Mandarin Chinese, 51, 342–343

Maori language, 14

MAP (maximum a posteriori), 291

mapping, grapheme-to-phoneme, 29

Markov model, 251

maximum a posteriori (MAP), 291

maximum-likelihood (ML), 254

maximum-likelihood binary decision trees,

context clustering with, 256–259

maximum-likelihood linear regression

(MLLR), 291

MCC (Multi-Class Composite) bigram

model, 377

MDE (metadata extraction), 48

MDL-SSS model, 378

mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC),

212, 229

metadata extraction (MDE), 48

MFCC (mel frequency cepstral coefficients),

212, 229

mixed-initiative dialog, 400

mixed-initiative interactions, 405

Mixer data collection, 52–55

Mixer Phase I, 53

Mixer robot operator, 53

ML (maximum-likelihood), 254

MLLR (maximum-likelihood linear

regression), 291

ML-mix combination method, 107

ML-mix method, 106

ML-sep combination method, 107

ML-sep method, 106

ML-tag combination method, 107

model estimation for new domains and speaking

styles, 174–177

language model adaptation, 176–177

overview, 174–176

models for new languages and multilingual

applications, 173–174

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), 38, 191

Moldovan, 6–7

monolingual recognizer, 77

monolingual SDS implemented in VXML, 439

monophonemes, 93

morphemes, 16

Morphological Analyzer, 336

morphologically rich languages modeling,

180–188

factored language models, 185–186

free word order difficulties, 187–188

hypothesis driven lexical adaptation,

186–187

morphs derived from linear decomposition of

words as units of language modeling,

183–185

overview, 180–183

problems of very large vocabulary, 183

morphological richness, 178

morphology, 16–19, 87–89

morphs, 16, 183–185

MSA (Modern Standard Arabic), 38, 191

MT-Assisted Dialogs (MAD), 374–376

Multi-Class Composite (MCC) bigram

model, 377

multilingual acoustic modeling, 71–122

acoustic model combination, 102–118

approaches based on alternative sound

units, 112–118

language adaptive acoustic modeling,

110–112

language independent acoustic modeling,

102–110

overview, 102