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Networking Self-Teaching Guide: OSI, TCP/IP, LANs, MANs, WANs, Implementation, Management, and Maintenance

Name: Networking Self-Teaching Guide: OSI, TCP/IP, LANs, MANs, WANs, Implementation, Management, and Maintenance
ISBN: 9780470402382

by James Edwards, Richard Bramante

May 2009

Intermediate to advanced

864 pages

20h 8m

English

Wiley

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Copyright
About the Authors
Credits
Acknowledgments
Introduction
How this Book Is OrganizedPart I: Networking Nuts and BoltsPart II: The OSI LayersPart III: Network Design and ImplementationPart IV: Managing and Maintaining the NetworkWho Should Read This BookA Few Words from the AuthorsContact the Authors
I. Networking Nuts and Bolts
1. Introduction to Networking
1.1. Networking: A Brief Introduction1.1.1. Internetworking1.1.1.1. An internet1.1.1.2. The Internet1.1.1.3. Intranets (Give Me an "A", Remove My "E", Now Flip the "R" and the "A")1.1.1.4. Extranets1.1.1.5. Virtual Private Networks1.1.1.6. Catenet1.1.1.7. Area Networks1.1.1.7.1. Campus Area Networks1.1.1.7.2. Global Area Networks1.1.1.7.3. Local Area Network1.1.1.7.4. Metropolitan Area Networks1.1.1.7.5. Personal Area Networks1.1.1.7.6. Wide Area Networks1.1.1.7.7. Wireless Local Area Networks1.1.2. Network Relationships and Topologies1.1.2.1. Network Relationship Types1.1.2.1.1. Client/Server Network Relationship1.1.2.1.2. Peer-to-Peer Network Relationship1.1.2.2. Network Topology Types1.1.2.2.1. Bus Topology1.1.2.2.2. Mesh Topology1.1.2.2.3. Star Topology1.1.2.2.4. Ring Topology1.1.2.2.5. Hierarchical Topology (a.k.a. Tree Topology)1.1.3. Protocols1.1.3.1. Transmission Control Protocol1.1.3.2. User Datagram Protocol1.1.3.3. Internet Protocol1.2. History of Networking1.3. Standards and Standards Organizations1.3.1. American National Standards Institute1.3.2. International Organization for Standardization1.3.3. International Electrotechnical Commission1.3.4. Telecommunications Industry Association1.3.5. Electronic Industries Alliance1.3.6. International Telecommunication Union1.3.7. IEEE1.3.7.1. IEEE 802 Working Groups1.3.7.2. IEEE 802.11.3.7.3. IEEE 802.31.3.7.4. IEEE 802.51.3.7.5. IEEE 802.111.3.8. Internet Society (ISOC)1.3.9. Internet Engineering Task Force1.4. An Introduction to the OSI Reference Model1.4.1. All People Seem to Need Data Processing—A Mnemonic Device1.4.2. A Layered Approach1.4.2.1. Layer 7—The Application Layer1.4.2.2. Layer 6—The Presentation Layer1.4.2.3. Layer 5—The Session Layer1.4.2.4. Layer 4—The Transport Layer1.4.2.5. Layer 3—The Network Layer1.4.2.6. Layer 2—The Data Link Layer1.4.2.7. Layer 1—The Physical Layer1.5. TCP/IP, Please (and Don't Be Stingy with the IP)1.5.1. TCP/IP Applications1.5.2. TCP/IP Utilities1.5.3. The TCP/IP Reference Model1.6. Chapter Exercises1.7. Pop Quiz Answers
2. LANs, MANs, and WANs
2.1. Local Area Networks2.1.1. LAN Standards2.1.1.1. 802.2 Logical Link Control2.1.1.2. 802.3 CSMA/CD Access Method and Physical Layer2.1.1.3. 802.5 Token Ring Access Method and Physical Layer2.1.1.4. The Collision Domain Battle2.1.1.5. The Most Common Wireless Standards2.1.2. LAN Topologies2.1.2.1. Token Ring Network Topologies2.1.2.1.1. Token Ring Cabling2.1.2.1.2. High-Speed Token Ring2.1.2.2. Bus Networks Topologies2.1.2.2.1. Star Network Topology2.1.2.2.2. Tree Network Topologies2.1.2.2.3. Devices that Make Up a Network2.1.2.2.4. Bus Network Cabling2.2. Metropolitan Area Networks2.2.1. Fiber Distributed Data Interface2.2.2. A MAN Example2.3. Wide Area Networks2.3.1. Whose POTS?2.3.2. Integrated Services Digital Network2.3.3. Point-to-Point WANs2.3.4. Frame Relay2.3.5. Using the Internet for Your WAN2.4. Chapter Exercises2.5. Pop Quiz Answers
3. Network Hardware and Transmission Media
3.1. Stuff You Just Need to Know3.1.1. Bits, Bytes, and Binary3.1.2. Non-human Resources3.1.2.1. Volatile Memory3.1.2.1.1. Random Access Memory3.1.2.1.2. Dynamic Random Access Memory3.1.2.1.3. Static Random Access Memory3.1.2.2. Nonvolatile Memory3.1.2.2.1. Magnetic Storage Media3.1.2.2.2. Read-Only Memory3.1.2.2.3. Flash Memory3.1.3. Encapsulation3.1.4. Data Communication Equipment and Data Terminal Equipment3.1.5. All Your Base Are Belong to Us3.1.6. Computer Buses3.1.7. IP Addressing3.2. Transmission Media3.2.1. Network Cabling3.2.1.1. Twisted Pair Cable3.2.1.2. Coaxial Cable3.2.1.3. Fiber Optic Cable3.2.2. Wireless Communication3.3. Network Hardware3.3.1. End-User Interface Hardware Types3.3.2. Connecting End Users3.3.2.1. Network Interfaces and Adapters3.3.2.2. Network Interface Controllers3.3.3. To Boldly Go Where Data Needs to Flow (or, How Does that E-mail Get to Brother Joel?)3.3.3.1. Concentrators3.3.3.2. Hubs3.3.3.3. Media Access Units3.3.3.4. Repeaters3.3.3.5. Bridges and Switches3.3.3.6. Routers3.3.3.7. Layer 3 Switches3.3.3.8. Upper-Layer Switch Types3.3.3.9. Remote Access3.3.3.9.1. Modems3.3.3.9.2. VPNs3.3.3.9.3. Wireless3.3.3.10. Servers3.4. Chapter Exercises3.5. Pop Quiz Answers
4. Operating Systems and Networking Software
4.1. Computer Operating System Basics4.1.1. CPU Basics4.1.2. Computer Basics4.1.2.1. Read-Only Memory4.1.2.2. Random-Access Memory4.1.2.3. Mass Storage System4.1.2.4. Input/Output System4.1.3. Operating System Basics4.2. Network Operating System Basics4.2.1. Peer-to-Peer Networking4.2.1.1. File Sharing on a Peer-to-Peer Network4.2.1.2. Printer Sharing on a Peer-to-Peer Network4.3. Other Operating Systems4.3.1. Unix4.3.2. Linux4.3.3. Sun Solaris4.4. Chapter Exercises4.5. Pop Quiz Answers

5. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
5.1. The TCP/IP Layers5.2. Popular TCP/IP Protocols5.2.1. The Application Layer5.2.1.1. Domain Name System5.2.1.2. Simple Network Management Protocol5.2.1.2.1. SNMP Managers5.2.1.2.2. SNMP Managed Devices5.2.1.2.3. SNMP Agents5.2.1.2.4. Management Information Base5.2.1.2.5. SNMP version 25.2.1.2.6. SNMP version 35.2.1.3. File Transfer Protocol5.2.1.4. Trivial File Transfer Protocol5.2.1.5. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol5.2.1.6. Network File System5.2.1.7. Telecommunications Network5.2.1.7.1. Network Virtual Terminal5.2.1.7.2. Options and Option Negotiation5.2.1.7.3. Modes of Operation5.2.1.8. Secure Shell Protocol5.2.2. The Transport Layer5.2.2.1. Transmission Control Protocol5.2.2.2. User Datagram Protocol5.2.3. The Internet Layer5.2.3.1. Internet Protocol5.2.3.2. Internet Group Multicast Protocol5.2.3.3. Internet Control Message Protocol5.2.3.4. Routing Information Protocol5.2.3.5. Open Shortest Path First5.2.3.6. Border Gateway Protocol5.2.3.7. Internet Protocol Security5.3. End of Chapter Hodgepodge5.3.1. There Is Hope for Diskless Nodes5.3.2. A Little More Information on Routing5.3.3. Sockets and Ports Are Not the Same Thing5.4. Chapter Exercises5.5. Pop Quiz Answers
6. Ethernet Concepts
6.1. The Beginning of Ethernet Technology6.2. Ethernet Components6.2.1. DCE and DTE Cabling Considerations6.2.1.1. Interconnecting Like Ethernet Devices6.3. Ethernet and IEEE 802.3's Relationship to the OSI Model6.3.1. Logical Link Control6.3.2. Media Access Control6.4. Ethernet Frame Format6.4.1. Transmitting a Frame6.4.1.1. Half-Duplex Transmission6.4.1.1.1. Gigabit Ethernet Considerations6.4.1.2. Full-Duplex Transmission6.4.1.2.1. Full-Duplex Flow Control6.4.1.3. Autonegotiation6.4.2. Receiving a Frame6.5. Traffic Optimization6.5.1. Traffic Shaping6.5.1.1. VLAN Tagging6.6. Chapter Exercises6.7. Pop Quiz Answers
7. Not to Be Forgotten
7.1. Can't Get Enough of Those LAN Technologies7.1.1. Attached Resource Computer Network7.1.2. StarLAN7.1.3. Token Ring7.1.3.1. Token Ring's Modus Operandi7.1.3.2. Token Ring Media7.1.3.3. The Format of the Token Ring Frame7.1.4. Fiber Distributed Data Interface7.1.4.1. FDDI Does What FDDI Does7.1.4.1.1. Fiber Distributed Data Interface7.1.4.1.2. Copper Distributed Data Interface7.1.4.2. FDDI Node Types7.1.4.3. The FDDI Frame Format7.2. As If You Haven't Had Enough of These Sweet Protocols7.2.1. Digital Equipment Company Network7.2.2. Xerox Network Systems7.2.3. Internetwork Packet Exchange7.2.4. Point-to-Point Protocol7.2.4.1. PPP Encapsulation Method7.2.4.2. PPP Link Control Protocol7.2.4.3. PPP Network Control Protocol7.2.4.4. Please, Tell Us More7.2.4.5. PPP Frame Format7.2.5. X.257.2.5.1. X.25 Operations7.2.5.2. Link Access Procedure, Balanced7.2.5.3. Packet Layer Protocol7.2.6. Asynchronous Transfer Mode7.2.6.1. ATM Generic Cell Format7.2.6.2. An Overview of ATM Operations7.2.6.2.1. ATM: Virtual Paths, Circuits, and Channels7.2.6.2.2. ATM: Link Interface Types7.2.6.2.3. ATM Cell Header Format7.2.6.3. ATM Reference Model7.2.6.4. Traffic Management7.2.6.5. ATM Adaptation Layer Types7.2.7. Frame Relay7.2.7.1. Frame Relay Node Types7.2.7.2. Virtual Circuits . . . Again?7.2.7.3. Data Link Connection Identifier7.2.7.4. Feckens and Beckens7.2.7.5. Local Management Interface7.2.7.6. Frame Relay Frame Format7.2.8. Integrated Services Digital Network7.2.8.1. Basic Rate Interface and Primary Rate Interface7.2.8.2. ISDN Nodes7.2.8.3. The ISDN Reference Model7.2.9. AppleTalk7.2.9.1. AppleTalk Physical and Data Link Layers7.2.9.2. AppleTalk Network Layer7.2.9.3. AppleTalk Upper Layers7.3. Chapter Exercises7.4. Pop Quiz Answers
II. The OSI Layers
8. The Upper Layers
8.1. Background8.2. The TCP/IP Model8.2.1. TCP/IP Application Layer8.2.2. TCP/IP Transport Layer8.2.3. TCP/IP Internet Layer8.2.4. TCP/IP Link Layer8.2.4.1. TCP/IP Link Layer Protocols8.3. OSI Application Layer8.4. OSI Presentation Layer8.5. OSI Session Layer8.6. Chapter Exercises8.7. Pop Quiz Answers
9. The Transport Layer
9.1. The Terms and Conditions of Chapter 99.1.1. End-to-End Delivery9.1.2. Standards9.1.2.1. ISO/IEC 80729.1.2.2. ISO/IEC 80739.1.3. This, That, and the Other9.1.3.1. Types of Transport Service9.1.3.2. Data Units9.1.3.3. Classes of Transport Service9.1.3.4. Types of Network Service9.1.3.5. Multiplexing9.2. Transport Layer Operations9.2.1. Connection-Oriented Operations9.2.1.1. Setting Up the Connection9.2.1.2. Maintaining the Connection9.2.1.3. Terminating the Connection9.2.2. Connectionless Operations9.3. Transport Layer Protocols9.3.1. A Few More Words about TCP9.3.2. The TCP Header Format9.3.3. A Little More on UDP9.3.4. The UDP Header Format9.4. The Meaning of Control9.5. Chapter Exercises9.6. Pop Quiz Answers
10. The Network Layer
10.1. Network Connection Types10.1.1. Connectionless Network Services10.1.2. Connection-Oriented Network Services10.1.3. Domain Name Services10.2. TCP/IP Network Layer Protocols10.2.1. Internet Protocol10.2.1.1. Internet Protocol Version 410.2.1.1.1. Network Address Translation10.2.1.2. Internet Protocol Version 610.2.2. Internet Control Message Protocol10.2.2.1. Ping10.2.2.2. Traceroute10.2.3. Internet Group Management Protocol10.2.4. Internet Protocol Security10.3. Chapter Exercises10.4. Pop Quiz Answers
11. The Data Link Layer
11.1. Concerns of the LAN11.1.1. It Just Is11.1.2. Highs and Lows11.2. Accessing the Medium11.2.1. Rules of Accessing the Medium11.2.2. From Tokens to Contention11.2.2.1. Using the Token Method11.2.2.2. Using the Contention Method11.3. Meet the Sublayers11.3.1. Logical Link Control11.3.1.1. LLC Framing11.3.1.2. Subnetwork Access Protocol11.3.2. The MAC Sublayer11.3.2.1. The MAC Address11.3.2.2. Access Control for the Channel11.4. The "ings"—Casting, Detecting, and Addressing11.4.1. Data Link Addressing11.4.1.1. The MAC Address Format11.4.1.2. Unicast Addressing11.4.1.3. Multicast Addressing11.4.2. Error Detection11.4.3. Control of the Flow11.5. "Knode" the LAN11.5.1. Diary of a Network Bridge11.5.1.1. Unicast Operation11.5.1.2. Multicast Operation11.5.1.3. When the Bridge Just Does Not Know11.5.2. The Address Table11.6. Chapter Exercises11.7. Pop Quiz Answers
III. Network Design and Implementation
12. Design Methodologies
12.1. Your Task Is to Design a Network12.1.1. Types of Organizational LANs12.1.2. Other Things to Consider12.1.3. Building the Foundation12.2. Let's Start Planning12.2.1. Development of Scope12.2.2. You Are Not Alone12.3. A Hierarchical Design Model12.3.1. Access Layer12.3.2. Distribution Layer12.3.3. Core Layer12.3.4. Why Hierarchical?12.4. 5-4-3-2-1, Speed Is Not the Big Concern12.5. Making Determinations12.5.1. Determining Which Topology to Use12.5.1.1. Bus Network Topology12.5.1.2. Star Network Topology12.5.1.3. Ring Network Topology12.5.2. Determining Which Nodes to Use12.5.2.1. Traditional Nodes12.5.2.1.1. Repeaters12.5.2.1.2. Concentrators12.5.2.1.3. Bridges12.5.2.1.4. Routers12.5.2.2. Node Evolution12.5.2.2.1. Layer 3 Switches12.5.2.2.2. Layer 4–7 Switching12.5.2.2.3. Virtual Private Networks12.5.2.2.4. Wireless Networks12.5.3. LAN Switching Technology12.5.3.1. Switch Types12.5.3.2. By All Means, Be Redundant12.5.3.3. I'm Loopy!12.5.3.3.1. Darn that Redundancy Anyway12.5.3.3.2. Loop Resolution12.5.3.3.3. Spanning Tree12.5.3.3.4. Spanning Tree Port States12.5.3.4. Link Aggregation12.5.3.5. Virtual LANs12.5.3.5.1. Benefits of VLANs12.5.3.5.2. VLAN-Awareness12.5.3.5.3. Tag! You're It!12.5.3.5.4. VLAN Types12.5.4. Determining What Other Determinations Need to Be Determined12.5.4.1. Talking to a WAN12.5.4.2. Management and Security12.5.4.2.1. Network Security12.5.4.2.2. Network Management12.5.4.3. Choosing Protocols12.5.4.4. Proactive Thinking12.6. Network Implementation12.7. Chapter Exercises12.8. Pop Quiz Answers
13. Implementation
13.1. Planning13.1.1. Totally New Network Planning Phase13.1.1.1. Initial Planning13.1.1.1.1. Office Interconnection Planning13.1.1.1.2. Network Operations Area13.1.1.1.3. Environmental Requirements13.1.1.1.4. Network Access Requirements13.1.1.1.5. Remote User Access13.1.1.1.6. Network Distribution13.1.1.1.7. Network Backbone Distribution13.1.1.1.8. Wireless Access13.1.1.2. Finalizing the Plan13.1.2. Network Revision Planning13.1.2.1. Reworking Network Access13.1.2.2. Upgrading a Network's Core Routers13.1.2.3. Upgrading the Network's Distribution Components13.2. Network Supporting Infrastructure13.3. Budgeting13.4. Staging13.5. Rollout13.6. Verification13.7. Documentation13.8. The Final Stretch13.9. Chapter Exercise13.10. Pop Quiz Answer
IV. Managing and Maintaining the Network
14. Network Security
14.1. Elements of Network Security14.1.1. Network Security Policies14.1.2. Network Access Control14.1.2.1. Network Premises Access Security14.1.2.2. Network Access Security and Control14.1.2.3. Restricting Network Access14.1.3. Network Data Integrity14.1.4. Network Security Monitoring14.1.5. Network Security Assurance14.2. Network Security Methodologies14.2.1. Authentication14.2.1.1. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol14.2.1.2. RADIUS14.2.1.3. certificates14.2.2. Data Integrity14.2.2.1. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol14.2.2.2. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol14.2.2.3. Internet Protocol Security14.3. Chapter Exercises14.4. Pop Quiz Answers
15. Network Management
15.1. Operation15.1.1. Help Desk Software15.1.2. Network Operations Staff15.1.3. Network Monitoring15.2. Administration15.2.1. Network Management Staff Members15.2.1.1. Executive Level15.2.1.2. Department Heads/Managers15.2.1.2.1. Telecommunications Department15.2.1.2.2. Security Department15.2.1.2.3. Network Support Group15.2.1.2.4. Server Support Team15.2.1.2.5. PC Support15.2.1.2.6. Infrastructure Group15.2.1.2.7. Logistics Group15.3. Maintenance15.4. Provisioning15.5. Tools15.5.1. Simple Network Management Protocol15.5.2. Packet-Capture Capability15.6. Chapter Exercises15.7. Pop Quiz Answers
16. Troubleshooting
16.1. The Little LAN that Cried Wolf16.1.1. Feedback16.1.1.1. End-User Feedback16.1.1.2. Management Station Feedback16.1.1.3. Hmm. . .16.1.2. What Could Possibly Go Wrong?16.1.3. Food for Thought16.2. The Proactive Approach Beats the Reactive Approach Hands Down16.2.1. Baseline16.2.2. Proactive Documentation16.2.3. There Is No Such Thing as Too Much16.3. Troubleshooting Tools16.3.1. Helpful TCP/IP Utilities16.3.1.1. Ping16.3.1.2. Traceroute16.3.1.3. Netstat16.3.1.4. Route16.3.1.5. Arp16.3.1.6. Ipconfig16.3.2. More Helpful Tools16.3.3. Even More Helpful Tools16.4. A Logical Order16.4.1. Define the Problem16.4.2. Consider the Possibilities16.4.3. Determine the Issue16.4.4. Find a Possible Solution16.4.5. Test the Possible Solution16.4.6. Develop an Action Plan16.4.7. Implement the Action Plan16.4.8. Monitor the Results16.4.9. Another Fantastic Bonus from the Authors16.5. Layered Strategy16.5.1. Common Lower-Layer Issues16.5.1.1. Layer 116.5.1.2. Layer 216.5.1.3. Layer 316.5.2. Thoughts Pertaining to the Upper Layers16.6. Troubleshooting Examples16.6.1. Example 1: PC Can't Connect16.6.2. Example 2: Reading a Sniffer Trace16.6.3. Example 3: Identifying a Broadcast Storm16.6.4. Example 4: VPN Client Can't Connect to VPN Server16.6.5. Example 5: Two Common LAN Issues16.6.5.1. Duplex Mismatch16.6.5.2. Spanning Tree16.7. Chapter Exercises16.8. Pop Quiz Answers
A. Additional Exercises
A.1. Chapter 1 — Introduction to NetworkingA.2. Chapter 2 — LANs, WANs, and MANsA.3. Chapter 3 — Network Hardware and Transmission MediaA.4. Chapter 4 — Operating Systems and Networking SoftwareA.5. Chapter 5 — The TCP/IP Protocol SuiteA.6. Chapter 6 — Ethernet ConceptsA.7. Chapter 7 — Not to Be ForgottenA.8. Chapter 8 — The Upper LayersA.9. Chapter 9 — The Transport LayerA.10. Chapter 10 — The Network LayerA.11. Chapter 11 — The Data Link LayerA.12. Chapter 12 — Design MethodologiesA.13. Chapter 13 — ImplementationA.14. Chapter 14 — Network SecurityA.15. Chapter 15 — Network ManagementA.16. Chapter 16 — Troubleshooting
B. Exercise Answers
B.1. Chapter 1 ExercisesB.2. Chapter 2 ExercisesB.3. Chapter 3 ExercisesB.4. Chapter 4 ExercisesB.5. Chapter 5 ExercisesB.6. Chapter 6 ExercisesB.7. Chapter 7 ExercisesB.8. Chapter 8 ExercisesB.9. Chapter 9 ExercisesB.10. Chapter 10 ExercisesB.11. Chapter 11 ExercisesB.12. Chapter 12 ExercisesB.13. Chapter 13 ExercisesB.14. Chapter 14 ExercisesB.15. Chapter 15 ExercisesB.16. Chapter 16 ExercisesB.17. Appendix A Exercises
C. Glossary
D. Acronyms

Content preview from Networking Self-Teaching Guide: OSI, TCP/IP, LANs, MANs, WANs, Implementation, Management, and Maintenance

Chapter 16. Troubleshooting

	Difficulties exist to be surmounted.
	--Ralph Waldo Emerson

We complete this book with a topic that we all hope we never need to worry about, but all need to know. It is nearly impossible to run a LAN full time with nothing ever going wrong. Even the most carefully designed networks experience "issues." As a matter of fact, when designing your network, you decided on your acceptable level of risk for such issues. Now that your network is operational, it's your actions, both proactive and reactive, that are going to get you out of trouble quickly when problems occur within the LAN.

No two LANs are alike. Even if they are alike in design, operationally they are their own entities. There is no one fix-all for any particular issue within the LAN. The complexities of today's networks (high-speed data transfer, complex end-user application, etc.)^[478] complicate the troubleshooting process even more. This is why we find ourselves (us writing and you reading) with this chapter. It's not a troubleshooting bible, but it is a guide that you can use to help you get a feel for 1) what is out there, and 2) a little of what you can expect. We hope it gives you the upper hand when you first approach troubleshooting and serves as a useful reference for you in the future.

The quote used for this section, "Difficulties exist to be surmounted," seemed like a perfect thing to remember when taking on the challenge of an issue that has reared its ugly head. The more that we ...

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Networking Self-Teaching Guide: OSI, TCP/IP, LANs, MANs, WANs, Implementation, Management, and Maintenance

by James Edwards, Richard Bramante

Chapter 16. Troubleshooting

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