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NGINX HTTP Server - Fifth Edition

Name: NGINX HTTP Server - Fifth Edition
ISBN: 9781835469873

by Gabriel Ouiran, Nedelcu, Martin Bjerretoft Fjordvald

May 2024

Beginner to intermediate

262 pages

5h 54m

English

Packt Publishing

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NGINX HTTP Server
ContributorsAbout the authorsAbout the reviewers
Preface
Who this book is forWhat this book coversTo get the most out of this bookDownload the example code filesConventions usedGet in touchShare Your ThoughtsDownload a free PDF copy of this book
Part 1:Begin with NGINX
Chapter 1: Downloading and Installing NGINX
Installing NGINX via package managersNGINX-provided packagesCompiling NGINX from sourceInstalling GNU Compiler CollectionThe PCRE libraryThe zlib libraryOpenSSLDownloading and compiling the NGINX source codeWebsites and resourcesVersion branchesFeaturesDownloading and extractingExploring the options for configuring the compilationThe easy wayPath optionsBuild configuration issuesCompiling and installingControlling the NGINX serviceDaemons and servicesUsers and groupsNGINX command-line switchesStarting and stopping the daemonTesting the configurationOther switchesAdding NGINX as a system servicesystemd unit fileHandling system errorsA quick overview of the possibilities offered by NGINX PlusSummary
Chapter 2: Basic NGINX Configuration
Delving into the configuration file syntaxConfiguration directivesOrganization and inclusionsDirective blocksAdvanced language rulesLooking at the base module directivesWhat are base modules?NGINX process architectureCore module directivesThe events moduleConfiguration moduleNecessary adjustmentsTesting your serverCreating a test serverUpgrading NGINX gracefullySummary
Part 2: Dive into NGINX
Chapter 3: Exploring the HTTP Configuration
An introduction to the HTTP core module and its three new blocksExploring the HTTP core module directivesSocket and host configurationPaths and documentsClient requestsMIME typesLimits and restrictionsFile processing and cachingOther directivesExploring the directives of HTTP/2http2_chunk_sizehttp2_body_preread_sizehttp2_idle_timeouthttp2_max_concurrent_streamshttp2_max_field_sizehttp2_max_header_sizehttp2_max_requestshttp2_recv_buffer_sizehttp2_recv_timeoutModule variablesExploring the variables introduced by the HTTP core moduleRequest headersResponse headersNGINX-generated headersUnderstanding and exploring the location blockLocation modifierSearch order and prioritySummary
Chapter 4: Exploring Module Configuration in NGINX
Exploring the Rewrite moduleReminder of regular expressionsInternal requestsConditional structureDirectivesCommon rewrite rulesLooking at some additional modulesWebsite access and loggingLimits and restrictionsContent and encodingAbout your visitorsSSL and securityOther miscellaneous and optional modulesSummary
Chapter 5: PHP and Python with NGINX
Introduction to FastCGI technologiesUnderstanding the CGI mechanismCGIFastCGIuWSGI and SCGIMain directivesFastCGI caching and bufferingPHP with NGINXArchitecturePHP-FPMSetting up PHP and PHP-FPMNGINX configurationPython and NGINXDjangoSetting up Python and DjangoNGINX configurationSummary
Chapter 6: NGINX as a Reverse Proxy
Exploring the reverse proxy mechanismExploring the NGINX proxy moduleMain directivesCaching, buffering, and temporary filesLimits, timeouts, and errorsOther directivesVariablesLooking at NGINX and microservicesSummary

Part 3: NGINX in Action
Chapter 7: Introduction to Load Balancing and Optimization
Introducing load balancingUnderstanding the concept of load balancingSession affinityThe upstream moduleRequest distribution mechanismsUsing NGINX as a TCP/UDP load balancerThe stream moduleAn example of MySQL load balancingExploring thread pools and I/O mechanismsRelieving worker processesAIO, Sendfile, and DirectIOSummary
Chapter 8: NGINX within a Cloud Infrastructure
Understanding cloud infrastructureThe traditional approachThe cloud approachUsing DockerInstalling DockerYour first Docker containerSimplifying with Docker ComposeSetting up NGINX inside DockerIntegrating PHP with NGINX using Docker ComposeSetting up NGINX inside Docker to proxy host applicationsSummary
Chapter 9: Fully Deploy, Manage, and Auto-Update NGINX with Ansible
Understanding configuration managementRunning your first Ansible playbookSetting up NGINX using AnsibleSetting up automatic updates using AnsibleSummary
Chapter 10: Case Studies
Exploring SSL Certificates and HTTPS by defaultCertificate Management with acme.shacme.sh and the DNS APIIssuing a signed certificateCentralizing SSL Configuration with NGINXImplementing HTTP/2 with SSLDeploying a WordPress sitePreparing your server and obtaining WordPressNGINX configurationWordPress configurationDeploying NextcloudGetting NextcloudSummary
Chapter 11: Troubleshooting
Looking at some general tips on NGINX troubleshootingChecking access permissionsTesting your configurationHave you reloaded the service?Checking logsInstalling a log parserTroubleshooting install issuesLooking at the 403 forbidden custom error pageExploring 400 Bad RequestLooking at truncated or invalid FastCGI responsesExploring location block prioritiesLooking at if block issuesInefficient statementsUnexpected behaviorSummary
Index
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Content preview from NGINX HTTP Server - Fifth Edition

7 Introduction to Load Balancing and Optimization

As much as NGINX will help your servers hold the load, there are always limits to what a single machine can process; an aging hard drive or limited bandwidth will eventually induce a bottleneck, resulting in longer request-serving times, which, in turn, leads to the disappointment of your visitors.

As your websites grow more popular and your single machine begins to suffer, you will be tempted to simply get a bigger and more expensive server. But this would not be a cost-efficient approach in the long run, and remember that the more strain a server is exposed to, the more likely it is to suffer from hardware failure.

In this chapter, we will investigate two concepts, the first of which is load ...

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NGINX HTTP Server - Fifth Edition

by Gabriel Ouiran, Nedelcu, Martin Bjerretoft Fjordvald

7

Introduction to Load Balancing and Optimization

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.