Chapter 2
2.18
Concepts, Indicators and Variables
In research, we use concepts to clarify the things.For
example, the concepts of poverty may be different in
USA, India or Pakistan – such concepts may differ as per
the situation. So, we need to define them in the context
where research is being done. That is where the indica-
tors and variables come in. They help make concepts
measurable. For instance, if we are looking at teaching
effectiveness, class performance, or job satisfaction, these
concepts might mean different things to different people.
Indicators like assets and income can help measure con-
cepts like richness or poverty. ...
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