book

Object-Oriented Python

Name: Object-Oriented Python
Author: Irv Kalb
ISBN: 9781718502062

by Irv Kalb

January 2022

Beginner to intermediate

416 pages

10h 21m

English

No Starch Press

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Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Who Is This Book For?Python Version(s) and InstallationHow Will I Explain OOP?What’s in the BookDevelopment EnvironmentsWidgets and Example Games
Part I: Introducing Object-oriented Programming
Chapter 1: Procedural Python Examples
Higher or Lower Card GameRepresenting the DataImplementationReusable CodeBank Account SimulationsAnalysis of Required Operations and DataImplementation 1—Single Account Without FunctionsImplementation 2—Single Account with FunctionsImplementation 3—Two AccountsImplementation 4—Multiple Accounts Using ListsImplementation 5—List of Account DictionariesCommon Problems with Procedural ImplementationObject-Oriented Solution—First Look at a ClassSummary
Chapter 2: Modeling Physical Objects with Object-Oriented Programming
Building Software Models of Physical ObjectsState and Behavior: Light Switch ExampleClasses, Objects, and InstantiationWriting a Class in Python Scope and Instance VariablesDifferences Between Functions and MethodsCreating an Object from a ClassCalling Methods of an ObjectCreating Multiple Instances from the Same ClassPython Data Types Are Implemented as ClassesDefinition of an ObjectBuilding a Slightly More Complicated ClassRepresenting a More Complicated Physical Object as a ClassPassing Arguments to a MethodMultiple InstancesInitialization ParametersClasses in UseOOP as a SolutionSummary
Chapter 3: Mental Models of Objects and the Meaning of “self”
Revisiting the DimmerSwitch ClassHigh-Level Mental Model #1A Deeper Mental Model #2What Is the Meaning of “self”?Summary

Chapter 4: Managing Multiple Objects
Bank Account ClassImporting Class CodeCreating Some Test CodeCreating Multiple AccountsMultiple Account Objects in a ListMultiple Objects with Unique IdentifiersBuilding an Interactive MenuCreating an Object Manager ObjectBuilding the Object Manager ObjectMain Code That Creates an Object Manager ObjectBetter Error Handling with Exceptionstry and exceptThe raise Statement and Custom ExceptionsUsing Exceptions in Our Bank ProgramAccount Class with ExceptionsOptimized Bank Class Main Code That Handles ExceptionsCalling the Same Method on a List of ObjectsInterface vs. ImplementationSummary
Part II: Graphical User interfaces with Pygame
Chapter 5: Introduction to Pygame
Installing PygameWindow DetailsThe Window Coordinate SystemPixel ColorsEvent-Driven ProgramsUsing PygameBringing Up a Blank WindowDrawing an Image Detecting a Mouse ClickHandling the KeyboardCreating a Location-Based AnimationUsing Pygame rects Playing SoundsPlaying Sound EffectsPlaying Background MusicDrawing Shapes Reference for Primitive Shapes Summary
Chapter 6: Object-Oriented Pygame
Building the Screensaver Ball with OOP Pygame Creating a Ball ClassUsing the Ball ClassCreating Many Ball ObjectsCreating Many, Many Ball ObjectsBuilding a Reusable Object-Oriented ButtonBuilding a Button Class Main Code Using a SimpleButtonCreating a Program with Multiple ButtonsBuilding a Reusable Object-Oriented Text DisplaySteps to Display Text Creating a SimpleText ClassDemo Ball with SimpleText and SimpleButton Interface vs. Implementation CallbacksCreating a CallbackUsing a Callback with SimpleButtonSummary
Chapter 7: Pygame GUI Widgets
Passing Arguments into a Function or MethodPositional and Keyword ParametersAdditional Notes on Keyword ParametersUsing None as a Default ValueChoosing Keywords and Default ValuesDefault Values in GUI WidgetsThe pygwidgets PackageSetting UpOverall Design ApproachAdding an ImageAdding Buttons, Checkboxes, and Radio ButtonsText Output and InputOther pygwidgets Classespygwidgets Example ProgramThe Importance of a Consistent APISummary
Part III: Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Inheritance
Chapter 8: Encapsulation
Encapsulation with FunctionsEncapsulation with ObjectsObjects Own Their DataInterpretations of EncapsulationDirect Access and Why You Should Avoid ItStrict Interpretation with Getters and SettersSafe Direct AccessMaking Instance Variables More PrivateImplicitly PrivateMore Explicitly PrivateDecorators and @propertyEncapsulation in pygwidgets ClassesA Story from the Real WorldAbstractionSummary
Chapter 9: Polymorphism
Sending Messages to Real-World ObjectsA Classic Example of Polymorphism in ProgrammingExample Using Pygame ShapesThe Square Shape ClassThe Circle and Triangle Shape ClassesThe Main Program Creating ShapesExtending a Patternpygwidgets Exhibits PolymorphismPolymorphism for OperatorsMagic Methods Comparison Operator Magic MethodsA Rectangle Class with Magic MethodsMain Program Using Magic MethodsMath Operator Magic MethodsVector ExampleCreating a String Representation of Values in an ObjectA Fraction Class with Magic MethodsSummary
Chapter 10: Inheritance
Inheritance in Object-Oriented ProgrammingImplementing Inheritance Employee and Manager ExampleBase Class: EmployeeSubclass: ManagerTest CodeThe Client’s View of a SubclassReal-World Examples of InheritanceInputNumberDisplayMoneyExample UsageMultiple Classes Inheriting from the Same Base ClassAbstract Classes and MethodsHow pygwidgets Uses InheritanceClass HierarchyThe Difficulty of Programming with InheritanceSummary
Chapter 11: Managing Memory Used by Objects
Object LifetimeReference CountGarbage CollectionClass VariablesClass Variable ConstantsClass Variables for CountingPutting It All Together: Balloon Sample ProgramModule of ConstantsMain Program CodeBalloon ManagerBalloon Class and ObjectsManaging Memory: SlotsSummary
Part IV: Using OOP in Game Development
Chapter 12: Card Games
The Card ClassThe Deck ClassThe Higher or Lower GameMain Program Game ObjectTesting with __name__ Other Card GamesBlackjack DeckGames with Unusual Card DecksSummary
Chapter 13: Timers
Timer Demonstration ProgramThree Approaches for Implementing TimersCounting FramesTimer EventBuilding a Timer by Calculating Elapsed TimeInstalling pyghelpers The Timer ClassDisplaying TimeCountUpTimerCountDownTimerSummary
Chapter 14: Animation
Building Animation ClassesSimpleAnimation ClassSimpleSpriteSheetAnimation ClassMerging Two ClassesAnimation Classes in pygwidgetsAnimation ClassSpriteSheetAnimation ClassCommon Base Class: PygAnimationExample Animation ProgramSummary
Chapter 15: Scenes
The State Machine ApproachA pygame Example with a State MachineA Scene Manager for Managing Many ScenesA Demo Program Using a Scene ManagerThe Main ProgramBuilding the ScenesA Typical SceneRock, Paper, Scissors Using ScenesCommunication Between ScenesRequesting Information from a Target SceneSending Information to a Target SceneSending Information to All ScenesTesting Communications Among ScenesImplementation of the Scene Managerrun() MethodMain MethodsCommunication Between ScenesSummary
Chapter 16: Full Game: Dodger
Modal Dialogs Yes/No and Alert DialogsAnswer DialogsBuilding a Full Game: DodgerGame OverviewImplementationExtensions to the GameSummary
Chapter 17: Design Patterns and Wrap-Up
Model View ControllerFile Display ExampleStatistical Display ExampleAdvantages of the MVC PatternWrap-Up
Index

Content preview from Object-Oriented Python

3 Mental Models of Objects and the Meaning of “self”

Hopefully the new concepts and terminology I’ve introduced so far are starting to make sense. Some people new to OOP have trouble envisioning what an object is and how the methods of an object work with its instance variables. The specifics are fairly complex, so it can be helpful to develop a mental model of how objects and classes operate.

In this chapter, I’ll present two mental models of OOP. Right up front, I want to be clear that neither of these models is an exact representation of how objects work in Python. Instead, these models are intended to give you a way to think about what ...

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Object-Oriented Python

by Irv Kalb

3 Mental Models of Objects and the Meaning of “self”

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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