Solid-State Modular and Hybrid Op Amps
Vacuum tube op amps continued to flourish for some time into the 1950s and 1960s, but their competition was eventually to arrive from solid-state developments. These took the form of several key innovations, all of which required a presence before effective solid-state op amp designs could be established. This discussion treats modular and hybrid solid-state op amps, which preceded and overlapped solid-state IC op amps.
There were three of these key developments, the invention of the transistor, the invention of the integrated circuit (IC), and the invention of the planar IC process. A detailed history of solid-state inventions and related process developments can be found in articles celebrating ...
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