Appendix BNorms
The following norms of vectors, matrices, signals, and systems are commonly used in system characterization, signal analysis, and derivation of state estimators.
B.1 Vector Norms
The norm is a measure of the size of a vector. A norm of an 
‐dimensional vector 
is a real‐valued function that is commonly denoted as 
and has the following basic properties [18,52,59]:
holds for every vector 
.
holds for every scalar 
.
is due to the triangle inequality that holds for every vector 
and .- if .
The most common vector norms belong to the family of ‐norms and often are denoted as ...
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