Appendix A
A.1 Notation and Basic Definitions
A set 
is a unordered collection of elements. It can contain finitely many elements or infinitely many elements. The number of elements in a set 
is called its cardinality, and it is denoted by 
. For two sets 
and 
, the union of 
and 
is 
, and the intersection of 
and 
is 
. The set difference between two sets and is .
For two sets and , the Cartesian ...
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