Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry: Theory and Practices

4

Thermodynamics

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Some Common Thermodynamics Terms

4.3 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

4.4 Work, Heat and Energy Changes

4.5 First Law of Thermodynamics

4.6 The heat content or enthalpy of a system

4.7 Heat capacities at constant pressure and at constant volume

4.8 Joule–thomson Effect

4.9 reversible-Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas

4.10 Second law of Thermodynamics

4.11 Entropy

Any thermodynamic system in an equilibrium state possesses a state variable called the internal energy (E). Between any two equilibrium states, the change in internal energy is equal to the difference of the heat transfer into the system and work done by the system

 

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamics deals with the energy ...