Political representation and participation from the Middle Ages to the present time
Preliminary observations
Political participation of the people in modern mass societies is generally guaranteed by representation and exercised on the basis of a mandate. Nowadays representatives are elected by general, free, direct, equal, and secret elections and get a free mandate. They are representatives of the entire nation, shape its political decisions and are not bound by orders or instructions. In the past, however, this was not the case.
In feudal-by estates organized societies, the Lord embodied the corps of his subjects and the assembly of estates advised him. The question is, whom did their members represent: ...
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