The invariant terminology taken from the field of mathematics explains that predictions generated by a machine learning model remain unchanged if we intervene with the explanatory variables, given the fact that the model is generated through a formal causal relationship. There is a difference between the causal machine learning model and the non-causal machine learning model. The causal model shows a real cause-and-effect relationship ...
12. Model-Agnostic Explanations by Identifying Prediction Invariance
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