book

Pro Python, Second Edition

Name: Pro Python, Second Edition
ISBN: 9781484203347

by J.Burton Browning, Marty Alchin

December 2014

Beginner to intermediate

384 pages

10h 39m

English

Apress

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Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents at a Glance
Contents
About the Authors
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: Principles and Philosophy
The Zen of PythonBeautiful Is Better Than UglyExplicit Is Better Than ImplicitSimple Is Better Than ComplexComplex Is Better Than ComplicatedFlat Is Better Than NestedSparse Is Better Than DenseReadability CountsSpecial Cases Aren’t Special Enough to Break the RulesAlthough Practicality Beats PurityErrors Should Never Pass SilentlyUnless Explicitly SilencedIn the Face of Ambiguity, Refuse the Temptation to GuessThere Should Be One—and Preferably Only One—Obvious Way to Do ItAlthough That Way May Not Be Obvious at First Unless You’re DutchNow Is Better Than NeverAlthough Never Is Often Better Than Right NowIf the Implementation Is Hard to Explain, It’s a Bad IdeaIf the Implementation Is Easy to Explain, It May Be a Good IdeaNamespaces Are One Honking Great Idea—Let’s Do More of Those!Don’t Repeat YourselfLoose CouplingThe Samurai PrincipleThe Pareto PrincipleThe Robustness PrincipleBackward CompatibilityThe Road to Python 3.0Taking It With You

Chapter 2: Advanced Basics
General ConceptsIterationCachingTransparencyControl FlowCatching ExceptionsException ChainsWhen Everything Goes RightProceeding Regardless of ExceptionsOptimizing LoopsThe with StatementConditional ExpressionsIterationSequence UnpackingList ComprehensionsGenerator ExpressionsSet ComprehensionsDictionary ComprehensionsChaining Iterables TogetherZipping Iterables TogetherCollectionsSetsNamed TuplesOrdered DictionariesDictionaries with DefaultsImporting CodeFallback ImportsImporting from the FutureUsing __all__ to Customize ImportsRelative ImportsThe __import__( ) functionThe importlib moduleTaking It With You
Chapter 3: Functions
ArgumentsPlanning for FlexibilityVariable Positional ArgumentsVariable Keyword ArgumentsCombining Different Kinds of ArgumentsInvoking Functions with Variable ArgumentsPreloading ArgumentsIntrospectionExample: Identifying Argument ValuesExample: A More Concise VersionExample: Validating ArgumentsDecoratorsClosuresWrappersDecorators with ArgumentsDecorators with—or without—ArgumentsExample: MemoizationExample: A Decorator to Create DecoratorsFunction AnnotationsExample: Type SafetyFactoring Out the BoilerplateExample: Type CoercionAnnotating with DecoratorsExample: Type Safety as a DecoratorGeneratorsLambdasIntrospectionIdentifying Object TypesModules and PackagesDocstringsTaking It with You
Chapter 4: Classes
InheritanceMultiple InheritanceMethod Resolution OrderExample: C3 AlgorithmUsing super() to Pass Control to Other ClassesIntrospectionHow Classes Are CreatedCreating Classes at RuntimeMetaclassesExample: Plugin FrameworkControlling the NamespaceAttributesPropertiesDescriptorsMethodsUnbound MethodsBound MethodsClass MethodsStatic MethodsAssigning Functions to Classes and InstancesMagic MethodsCreating InstancesExample: Automatic SubclassesDealing with AttributesString RepresentationsTaking It With You
Chapter 5: Common Protocols
Basic OperationsMathematical OperationsBitwise OperationsVariationsNumbersSign OperationsComparison OperationsIterablesExample: Repeatable GeneratorsSequencesMappingsCallablesContext ManagersTaking It With You
Chapter 6: Object Management
Namespace DictionaryExample: Borg PatternExample: Self-Caching PropertiesGarbage CollectionReference CountingCyclical ReferencesWeak ReferencesPicklingCopyingShallow CopiesDeep CopiesTaking It With You
Chapter 7: Strings
BytesSimple Conversion: chr( ) and ord( )Complex Conversion: The Struct ModuleTextUnicodeEncodingsSimple SubstitutionFormattingLooking Up Values Within ObjectsDistinguishing Types of StringsStandard Format SpecificationExample: Plain Text Table of ContentsCustom Format SpecificationTaking It With You
Chapter 8: Documentation
Proper NamingCommentsDocstringsDescribe What the Function DoesExplain the ArgumentsDon’t Forget the Return ValueInclude Any Expected ExceptionsDocumentation Outside the CodeInstallation and ConfigurationTutorialsReference DocumentsDocumentation UtilitiesFormattingLinksSphinxTaking It With You
Chapter 9: Testing
Test-Driven DevelopmentDoctestsFormatting CodeRepresenting OutputIntegrating With DocumentationRunning TestsThe unittest ModuleSetting UpWriting TestsOther ComparisonsTesting Strings and Other Sequence ContentTesting ExceptionsTesting IdentityTearing DownProviding a Custom Test ClassChanging Test BehaviorTaking It With You
Chapter 10: Distribution
LicensingGNU General Public LicenseAffero General Public LicenseGNU Lesser General Public LicenseBerkeley Software Distribution LicenseOther LicensesPackagingsetup.pyMANIFEST.inThe sdist CommandDistributionTaking It With You
Chapter 11: Sheets: A CSV Framework
Building a Declarative FrameworkIntroducing Declarative ProgrammingTo Build or Not to Build?Building the FrameworkManaging OptionsDefining FieldsAttaching a Field to a ClassAdding a MetaclassBringing It TogetherOrdering FieldsDeclarativeMeta.__prepare__()Column.__init__()Column.__new__()CounterMeta.__call__()Choosing an OptionBuilding a Field LibraryStringFieldIntegerColumnFloatColumnDecimalColumnDateColumnGetting Back to CSVChecking ArgumentsPopulating ValuesThe ReaderThe WriterTaking It With You
Appendix A: Style Guide for Python
IntroductionA Foolish Consistency Is the Hobgoblin of Little MindsCode LayoutIndentationTabs or Spaces?Maximum Line LengthBlank LinesEncodings (PEP 263)ImportsWhitespace in Expressions and StatementsPet PeevesOther RecommendationsCommentsBlock CommentsInline CommentsDocumentation StringsVersion BookkeepingNaming ConventionsDescriptive: Naming StylesPrescriptive: Naming ConventionsProgramming RecommendationsCopyright
Appendix B: Voting Guidelines
AbstractRationaleVoting ScoresCopyright
Appendix C: The Zen of Python
AbstractThe Zen of PythonEaster EggCopyright
Appendix D: Docstring Conventions
AbstractRationaleSpecificationWhat Is a Docstring?One-Line DocstringsMultiline DocstringsHandling Docstring IndentationCopyrightAcknowledgments
Appendix E: Backward Compatibility Policy
AbstractRationaleBackward Compatibility RulesMaking Incompatible ChangesCopyright
Appendix F: Python 3000
AbstractNamingPEP NumberingTimelineCompatibility and TransitionImplementation LanguageMeta-ContributionsCopyright
Appendix G: Python Language Moratorium
AbstractRationaleDetailsCannot ChangeCase-by-Case ExemptionsAllowed to ChangeRetroactiveExtensionsCopyright
Index

Content preview from Pro Python, Second Edition

CHAPTER 9

Testing

Writing an application is only part of the process; it’s also important to check that all of the code works as it should. You can visually inspect the code, but it’s better to execute it in a variety of situations that may arise in the real world to make sure it behaves properly in all situations. This process is called unit testing because the goal is to test the smallest available units of execution.

Typically, the smallest unit is a function or method, many of which combine to form a full application. By breaking it down into individual units, you can minimize how much each test is responsible for. This way, a failure of ...

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Pro Python, Second Edition

by J.Burton Browning, Marty Alchin

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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