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Programming in C, Third Edition

Name: Programming in C, Third Edition
Author: Stephen G. Kochan
ISBN: 9780768689068

by Stephen G. Kochan

July 2004

Beginner to intermediate

576 pages

12h 3m

English

Sams

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Copyright
Dedication
Developer’s Library
Preface
About the Author
Acknowledgements
We Want to Hear from You
1. Introduction
2. Some Fundamentals
ProgrammingHigher-Level LanguagesOperating SystemsCompiling ProgramsIntegrated Development EnvironmentsLanguage Interpreters
3. Compiling and Running Your First Program
Compiling Your ProgramRunning Your ProgramUnderstanding Your First ProgramDisplaying the Values of VariablesCommentsExercises
4. Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions
Working with VariablesUnderstanding Data Types and ConstantsThe Basic Integer Type intStorage Sizes and RangesThe Floating Number Type floatThe Extended Precision Type doubleThe Single Character Type charThe Boolean Data Type _BoolType Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signedWorking with Arithmetic ExpressionsInteger Arithmetic and the Unary Minus OperatorThe Modulus OperatorInteger and Floating-Point ConversionsThe Type Cast OperatorCombining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment OperatorsTypes _Complex and _ImaginaryExercises

5. Program Looping
The for StatementRelational OperatorsAligning OutputProgram InputNested for Loopsfor Loop VariantsMultiple ExpressionsOmitting FieldsDeclaring VariablesThe while StatementThe do StatementThe break StatementThe continue StatementExercises
6. Making Decisions
The if StatementThe if-else ConstructCompound Relational TestsNested if StatementsThe else if ConstructThe switch StatementBoolean VariablesThe Conditional OperatorExercises
7. Working with Arrays
Defining an ArrayUsing Array Elements as CountersGenerating Fibonacci NumbersUsing an Array to Generate Prime NumbersInitializing ArraysCharacter ArraysBase Conversion Using ArraysThe const QualifierMultidimensional ArraysVariable-Length ArraysExercises
8. Working with Functions
Defining a FunctionArguments and Local VariablesFunction Prototype DeclarationAutomatic Local VariablesReturning Function ResultsFunctions Calling Functions Calling...Declaring Return Types and Argument TypesChecking Function ArgumentsTop-Down ProgrammingFunctions and ArraysAssignment OperatorsSorting ArraysMultidimensional ArraysMultidimensional Variable-Length Arrays and FunctionsGlobal VariablesAutomatic and Static VariablesRecursive FunctionsExercises
9. Working with Structures
A Structure for Storing the DateUsing Structures in ExpressionsFunctions and StructuresA Structure for Storing the TimeInitializing StructuresCompound LiteralsArrays of StructuresStructures Containing StructuresStructures Containing ArraysStructure VariantsExercises
10. Character Strings
Arrays of CharactersVariable-Length Character StringsInitializing and Displaying Character StringsTesting Two Character Strings for EqualityInputting Character StringsSingle-Character InputThe Null StringEscape CharactersMore on Constant StringsCharacter Strings, Structures, and ArraysA Better Search MethodBinary Search AlgorithmCharacter OperationsExercises
11. Pointers
Defining a Pointer VariableUsing Pointers in ExpressionsWorking with Pointers and StructuresStructures Containing PointersLinked ListsThe Keyword const and PointersPointers and FunctionsPointers and ArraysA Slight Digression About Program OptimizationIs It an Array or Is It a Pointer?Pointers to Character StringsConstant Character Strings and PointersThe Increment and Decrement Operators RevisitedOperations on PointersPointers to FunctionsPointers and Memory AddressesExercises
12. Operations on Bits
Bit OperatorsThe Bitwise AND OperatorThe Bitwise Inclusive-OR OperatorThe Bitwise Exclusive-OR OperatorThe Ones Complement OperatorThe Left Shift OperatorThe Right Shift OperatorA Shift FunctionRotating BitsBit FieldsExercises
13. The Preprocessor
The #define StatementProgram ExtendabilityProgram PortabilityMore Advanced Types of DefinitionsArguments and MacrosVariable Number of Arguments to MacrosThe # OperatorThe ## OperatorThe #include StatementSystem Include FilesConditional CompilationThe #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef StatementsAvoiding Multiple Inclusion of Header FilesThe #if and #elif Preprocessor StatementsThe #undef StatementExercises
14. More on Data Types
Enumerated Data TypesThe typedef StatementData Type ConversionsSign ExtensionArgument ConversionExercises
15. Working with Larger Programs
Dividing Your Program into Multiple FilesCompiling Multiple Source Files from the Command LineCommunication Between ModulesExternal VariablesStatic Versus Extern Variables and FunctionsUsing Header Files EffectivelyOther Utilities for Working with Larger ProgramsThe make UtilityThe cvs UtilityUnix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on
16. Input and Output Operations in C
Character I/O: getchar and putcharFormatted I/O: printf and scanfThe printf FunctionThe scanf FunctionInput and Output Operations with FilesRedirecting I/O to a FileEnd of FileSpecial Functions for Working with FilesThe fopen FunctionThe getc and putc FunctionsThe fclose FunctionThe feof FunctionThe fprintf and fscanf FunctionsThe fgets and fputs Functionsstdin, stdout, and stderrThe exit FunctionRenaming and Removing FilesExercises
17. Miscellaneous and Advanced Features
Miscellaneous Language StatementsThe goto StatementThe null StatementWorking with UnionsThe Comma OperatorType QualifiersThe register QualifierThe volatile QualifierThe restrict QualifierCommand-Line ArgumentsDynamic Memory AllocationThe calloc and malloc FunctionsThe sizeof OperatorThe free Function
18. Debugging Programs
Debugging with the PreprocessorDebugging Programs with gdbWorking with VariablesSource File DisplayControlling Program ExecutionInserting BreakpointsSingle SteppingListing and Deleting BreakpointsGetting a Stack TraceCalling Functions and Setting Arrays and StructuresGetting Help with gdb CommandsOdds and Ends
19. Object-Oriented Programming
What Is an Object Anyway?Instances and MethodsWriting a C Program to Work with FractionsDefining an Objective-C Class to Work with FractionsDefining a C++ Class to Work with FractionsDefining a C# Class to Work with Fractions
A. C Language Summary
1.0. Digraphs and Identifiers1.1. Digraph Characters1.2. Identifiers1.2.1. Universal Character Names1.2.2. Keywords2.0. Comments3.0. Constants3.1. Integer Constants3.2. Floating-Point Constants3.3. Character Constants3.3.1. Escape Sequences3.3.2. Wide Character Constants3.4. Character String Constants3.4.1. Character String Concatenation3.4.2. Multibyte Characters3.4.3. Wide Character String Constants3.5. Enumeration Constants4.0. Data Types and Declarations4.1. Declarations4.2. Basic Data Types4.3. Derived Data Types4.3.1. ArraysSingle-Dimensional Arrays4.3.1.1. Variable-Length Arrays4.3.1.2. Multidimensional Arrays4.3.2. Structures4.3.3. Unions4.3.4. Pointers4.4. Enumerated Data Types4.5. The typedef Statement4.6. Type Modifiers const, volatile, and restrict5.0. Expressions5.1. Summary of C Operators5.2. Constant Expressions5.3. Arithmetic Operators5.4. Logical Operators5.5. Relational Operators5.6. Bitwise Operators5.7. Increment and Decrement Operators5.8. Assignment Operators5.9. Conditional Operators5.10. Type Cast Operator5.11. sizeof Operator5.12. Comma Operator5.13. Basic Operations with Arrays5.14. Basic Operations with Structures5.15. Basic Operations with PointersPointers to ArraysPointers to Structures5.16. Compound Literals5.17. Conversion of Basic Data Types6.0. Storage Classes and Scope6.1. Functions6.2. Variables7.0. Functions7.1. Function Definition7.2. Function Call7.3. Function Pointers8.0. Statements8.1. Compound Statements8.2. The break Statement8.3. The continue Statement8.4. The do Statement8.5. The for Statement8.6. The goto Statement8.7. The if Statement8.8. The null Statement8.9. The return Statement8.10. The switch Statement8.11. The while Statement9.0. The Preprocessor9.1. Trigraph Sequences9.2. Preprocessor Directives9.2.1. The #define Directive9.2.2. The #error Directive9.2.3. The #if Directive9.2.4. The #ifdef Directive9.2.5. The #ifndef Directive9.2.6. The #include Directive9.2.7. The #line Directive9.2.8. The #pragma Directive9.2.9. The #undef Directive9.2.10. The # Directive9.3. Predefined Identifiers
B. The Standard C Library
Standard Header Files<stddef.h><limits.h><stdbool.h><float.h><stdint.h>String FunctionsMemory FunctionsCharacter FunctionsI/O FunctionsIn-Memory Format Conversion FunctionsString-to-Number ConversionDynamic Memory Allocation FunctionsMath FunctionsComplex ArithmeticGeneral Utility Functions
C. Compiling Programs with gcc
General Command FormatCommand-Line Options
D. Common Programming Mistakes
E. Resources
Answers to Exercises, Errata, etc.The C Programming LanguageBooksWeb SitesNewsgroupsC Compilers and Integrated Development EnvironmentsgccMinGWCygWinVisual StudioCodeWarriorKylixMiscellaneousObject-Oriented ProgrammingThe C++ LanguageThe C# LanguageThe Objective-C LanguageDevelopment Tools

Content preview from Programming in C, Third Edition

Chapter 9. Working with Structures

CHAPTER 7, “WORKING WITH ARRAYS,” INTRODUCED the array that permits you to group elements of the same type into a single logical entity. To reference an element in the array, all that is necessary is that the name of the array be given together with the appropriate subscript.

The C language provides another tool for grouping elements together. This falls under the name of structures and forms the basis for the discussions in this chapter. As you will see, the structure is a powerful concept that you will use in many C programs that you develop.

Suppose you want to store a date—for example 9/25/04—inside a program, perhaps to be used for the heading of some program output, or even for computational purposes. A natural ...

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Programming in C, Third Edition

by Stephen G. Kochan

Chapter 9. Working with Structures

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