8
THE U.S. ANTIPOLLUTION
POLICES: AN APPLICATION OF
EXTERNALITY THEORY
PRELIMINARY THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
ANALYZING POLLUTION
Consumption±Production Externalities
Legislating Pollution Standards
U.S. ANTIPOLLUTION POLICIES
The CAC Approach to Industrial Water and Air Pollution
Automobile Emissions Control Equipment
Marketable Permits for SO
2
Emissions
MUNICIPAL WASTE-TREATMENT FACILITIES AND THE
SUPERFUND: DEFENSIVE ANTIPOLLUTION STRATEGIES
Equalizing Marginal Costs in Reducing Pollution
Additional Complicating Issues
Municipal Waste-Treatment Plants and Superfunds
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
APPENDIX: HISTORY OF U.S. ANTIPOLLUTION LEGISLATION
Municipal Waste Treatment
Automobile Emissions
Industrial Air Pollution
Industrial Water Pollution
Toxic Substances
The Effectiveness of U.S. Antipollution Policies
The federal government has been waging an all-out battle against water
and air pollution since the early 1970s. The two main targets have been
stationary-source industrial polluters and the automobile, the most import-
ant nonstationary source of air pollution. The government's antipollution
strategy is broad based. It attempts to reduce pollution at the source as well as
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