book

Python Crash Course

Name: Python Crash Course
Author: Eric Matthes
ISBN: 9781593276034

by Eric Matthes

November 2015

Beginner

560 pages

13h 19m

English

No Starch Press

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Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Brief Contents
Contents in Detail
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Who Is This Book For?What Can You Expect to Learn?Why Python?
Part I: Basics

Chapter 1: Getting Started
Setting Up Your Programming EnvironmentPython 2 and Python 3Running Snippets of Python CodeHello World!Python on Different Operating SystemsPython on LinuxChecking Your Version of PythonInstalling a Text EditorRunning the Hello World ProgramRunning Python in a Terminal SessionPython on OS XChecking Whether Python Is InstalledRunning Python in a Terminal SessionInstalling a Text EditorConfiguring Sublime Text for Python 3Running the Hello World ProgramPython on WindowsInstalling PythonStarting a Python Terminal SessionRunning Python in a Terminal SessionInstalling a Text EditorConfiguring GeanyRunning the Hello World ProgramTroubleshooting Installation IssuesRunning Python Programs from a TerminalOn Linux and OS XOn WindowsExercise 1-1: python.orgExercise 1-2: Hello World TyposExercise 1-3: Infinite SkillsSummary
Chapter 2: Variables and Simple Data Types
What Really Happens When You Run hello_world.pyVariablesNaming and Using VariablesAvoiding Name Errors When Using VariablesExercise 2-1: Simple MessageExercise 2-2: Simple MessagesStringsChanging Case in a String with MethodsCombining or Concatenating StringsAdding Whitespace to Strings with Tabs or NewlinesStripping WhitespaceAvoiding Syntax Errors with StringsPrinting in Python 2Exercise 2-3: Personal MessageExercise 2-4: Name CasesExercise 2-5: Famous QuoteExercise 2-6: Famous Quote 2Exercise 2-7: Stripping NamesNumbersIntegersFloatsAvoiding Type Errors with the str() FunctionIntegers in Python 2Exercise 2-8: Number EightExercise 2-9: Favorite NumberCommentsHow Do You Write Comments?What Kind of Comments Should You Write?Exercise 2-10: Adding CommentsThe Zen of PythonExercise 2-11: Zen of PythonSummary
Chapter 3: Introducing Lists
What Is a List?Accessing Elements in a ListIndex Positions Start at 0, Not 1Using Individual Values from a ListExercise 3-1: NamesExercise 3-2: GreetingsExercise 3-3: Your Own ListChanging, Adding, and Removing ElementsModifying Elements in a ListAdding Elements to a ListAppending Elements to the End of a ListInserting Elements into a ListRemoving Elements from a ListRemoving an Item Using the del StatementRemoving an Item Using the pop() MethodPopping Items from any Position in a ListRemoving an Item by ValueExercise 3-4: Guest ListExercise 3-5: Changing Guest ListExercise 3-6: More GuestsExercise 3-7: Shrinking Guest ListOrganizing a ListSorting a List Permanently with the sort() MethodSorting a List Temporarily with the sorted() FunctionPrinting a List in Reverse OrderFinding the Length of a ListExercise 3-8: Seeing the WorldExercise 3-9: Dinner GuestsExercise 3-10: Every FunctionAvoiding Index Errors When Working with ListsExercise 3-11: Intentional ErrorSummary
Chapter 4: Working with Lists
Looping Through an Entire ListA Closer Look at LoopingDoing More Work Within a for LoopDoing Something After a for LoopAvoiding Indentation ErrorsForgetting to IndentForgetting to Indent Additional LinesIndenting UnnecessarilyIndenting Unnecessarily After the LoopForgetting the ColonExercise 4-1: PizzasExercise 4-2: AnimalsMaking Numerical ListsUsing the range() FunctionUsing range() to Make a List of NumbersSimple Statistics with a List of NumbersList ComprehensionsExercise 4-3: Counting to TwentyExercise 4-4: One MillionExercise 4-5: Summing a MillionExercise 4-6: Odd NumbersExercise 4-7: ThreesExercise 4-8: CubesExercise 4-9: Cube ComprehensionWorking with Part of a ListSlicing a ListLooping Through a SliceCopying a ListExercise 4-10: SlicesExercise 4-11: My Pizzas, Your PizzasExercise 4-12: More LoopsTuplesDefining a TupleLooping Through All Values in a TupleWriting over a TupleExercise 4-13: BuffetStyling Your CodeThe Style GuideIndentationLine LengthBlank LinesOther Style GuidelinesExercise 4-14: PEP 8Exercise 4-15: Code ReviewSummary
Chapter 5: If Statements
A Simple ExampleConditional TestsChecking for EqualityIgnoring Case When Checking for EqualityChecking for InequalityNumerical ComparisonsChecking Multiple ConditionsUsing and to Check Multiple ConditionsUsing or to Check Multiple ConditionsChecking Whether a Value Is in a ListChecking Whether a Value Is Not in a ListBoolean ExpressionsExercise 5-1: Conditional TestsExercise 5-2: More Conditional Testsif StatementsSimple if Statementsif-else StatementsThe if-elif-else ChainUsing Multiple elif BlocksOmitting the else BlockTesting Multiple ConditionsExercise 5-3: Alien Colors #1Exercise 5-4: Alien Colors #2Exercise 5-5: Alien Colors #3Exercise 5-6: Stages of LifeExercise 5-7: Favorite FruitUsing if Statements with ListsChecking for Special ItemsChecking That a List Is Not EmptyUsing Multiple ListsExercise 5-8: Hello AdminExercise 5-9: No UsersExercise 5-10: Checking UsernamesExercise 5-11: Ordinal NumbersStyling Your if StatementsExercise 5-12: Styling if statementsExercise 5-13: Your IdeasSummary
Chapter 6: Dictionaries
A Simple DictionaryWorking with DictionariesAccessing Values in a DictionaryAdding New Key-Value PairsStarting with an Empty DictionaryModifying Values in a DictionaryRemoving Key-Value PairsA Dictionary of Similar ObjectsExercise 6-1: PersonExercise 6-2: Favorite NumbersExercise 6-3: GlossaryLooping Through a DictionaryLooping Through All Key-Value PairsLooping Through All the Keys in a DictionaryLooping Through a Dictionary’s Keys in OrderLooping Through All Values in a DictionaryExercise 6-4: Glossary 2Exercise 6-5: RiversExercise 6-6: PollingNestingA List of DictionariesA List in a DictionaryA Dictionary in a DictionaryExercise 6-7: PeopleExercise 6-8: PetsExercise 6-9: Favorite PlacesExercise 6-10: Favorite NumbersExercise 6-11: CitiesExercise 6-12: ExtensionsSummary
Chapter 7: User Input and while Loops
How the input() Function WorksWriting Clear PromptsUsing int() to Accept Numerical InputThe Modulo OperatorAccepting Input in Python 2.7Exercise 7-1: Rental CarExercise 7-2: Restaurant SeatingExercise 7-3: Multiples of TenIntroducing while LoopsThe while Loop in ActionLetting the User Choose When to QuitUsing a FlagUsing break to Exit a LoopUsing continue in a LoopAvoiding Infinite LoopsExercise 7-4: Pizza ToppingsExercise 7-5: Movie TicketsExercise 7-6: Three ExitsExercise 7-7: InfinityUsing a while Loop with Lists and DictionariesMoving Items from One List to AnotherRemoving All Instances of Specific Values from a ListFilling a Dictionary with User InputExercise 7-8: DeliExercise 7-9: No PastramiExercise 7-10: Dream VacationSummary
Chapter 8: Functions
Defining a FunctionPassing Information to a FunctionArguments and ParametersExercise 8-1: MessageExercise 8-2: Favorite BookPassing ArgumentsPositional ArgumentsMultiple Function CallsOrder Matters in Positional ArgumentsKeyword ArgumentsDefault ValuesEquivalent Function CallsAvoiding Argument ErrorsExercise 8-3: T-ShirtExercise 8-4: Large ShirtsExercise 8-5: CitiesReturn ValuesReturning a Simple ValueMaking an Argument OptionalReturning a DictionaryUsing a Function with a while LoopExercise 8-6: City NamesExercise 8-7: AlbumExercise 8-8: User AlbumsPassing a ListModifying a List in a FunctionPreventing a Function from Modifying a ListExercise 8-9: MagiciansExercise 8-10: Great MagiciansExercise 8-11: Unchanged MagiciansPassing an Arbitrary Number of ArgumentsMixing Positional and Arbitrary ArgumentsUsing Arbitrary Keyword ArgumentsExercise 8-12: SandwichesExercise 8-13: User ProfileExercise 8-14: CarsStoring Your Functions in ModulesImporting an Entire ModuleImporting Specific FunctionsUsing as to Give a Function an AliasUsing as to Give a Module an AliasImporting All Functions in a ModuleStyling FunctionsExercise 8-15: Printing ModelsExercise 8-16: ImportsExercise 8-17: Styling FunctionsSummary
Chapter 9: Classes
Creating and Using a ClassCreating the Dog ClassThe __init__() MethodCreating Classes in Python 2.7Making an Instance from a ClassAccessing AttributesCalling MethodsCreating Multiple InstancesExercise 9-1: RestaurantExercise 9-2: Three RestaurantsExercise 9-3: UsersWorking with Classes and InstancesThe Car ClassSetting a Default Value for an AttributeModifying Attribute ValuesModifying an Attribute’s Value DirectlyModifying an Attribute’s Value Through a MethodIncrementing an Attribute’s Value Through a MethodExercise 9-4: Number ServedExercise 9-5: Login AttemptsInheritanceThe __init__() Method for a Child ClassInheritance in Python 2.7Defining Attributes and Methods for the Child ClassOverriding Methods from the Parent ClassInstances as AttributesModeling Real-World ObjectsExercise 9-6: Ice Cream StandExercise 9-7: AdminExercise 9-8: PrivilegesExercise 9-9: Battery UpgradeImporting ClassesImporting a Single ClassStoring Multiple Classes in a ModuleImporting Multiple Classes from a ModuleImporting an Entire ModuleImporting All Classes from a ModuleImporting a Module into a ModuleFinding Your Own WorkflowExercise 9-10: Imported RestaurantExercise 9-11: Imported AdminExercise 9-12: Multiple ModulesThe Python Standard LibraryExercise 9-13: OrderedDict RewriteExercise 9-14: DiceExercise 9-15: Python Module of the WeekStyling ClassesSummary
Chapter 10: Files and Exceptions
Reading from a FileReading an Entire FileFile PathsReading Line by LineMaking a List of Lines from a FileWorking with a File’s ContentsLarge Files: One Million DigitsIs Your Birthday Contained in Pi?Exercise 10-1: Learning PythonExercise 10-2: Learning CWriting to a FileWriting to an Empty FileWriting Multiple LinesAppending to a FileExercise 10-3: GuestExercise 10-4: Guest BookExercise 10-5: Programming PollExceptionsHandling the ZeroDivisionError ExceptionUsing try-except BlocksUsing Exceptions to Prevent CrashesThe else BlockHandling the FileNotFoundError ExceptionAnalyzing TextWorking with Multiple FilesFailing SilentlyDeciding Which Errors to ReportExercise 10-6: AdditionExercise 10-7: Addition CalculatorExercise 10-8: Cats and DogsExercise 10-9: Silent Cats and DogsExercise 10-10: Common WordsStoring DataUsing json.dump() and json.load()Saving and Reading User-Generated DataRefactoringExercise 10-11: Favorite NumberExercise 10-12: Favorite Number RememberedExercise 10-13: Verify UserSummary
Chapter 11: Testing Your Code
Testing a FunctionUnit Tests and Test CasesA Passing TestA Failing TestResponding to a Failed TestAdding New TestsExercise 11-1: City, CountryExercise 11-2: PopulationTesting a ClassA Variety of Assert MethodsA Class to TestTesting the AnonymousSurvey ClassThe setUp() MethodExercise 11-3: EmployeeSummary
Part II: Projects
Project 1: Alien Invasion
Chapter 12: A Ship That Fires Bullets
Planning Your ProjectInstalling PygameInstalling Python Packages with pipChecking for pip on Linux and OS XChecking for pip on WindowsInstalling pipInstalling pip on Linux and OS XInstalling pip on WindowsInstalling Pygame on LinuxInstalling Pygame on OS XInstalling Pygame on WindowsStarting the Game ProjectCreating a Pygame Window and Responding to User InputSetting the Background ColorCreating a Settings ClassAdding the Ship ImageCreating the Ship ClassDrawing the Ship to the ScreenRefactoring: the game_functions ModuleThe check_events() FunctionThe update_screen() FunctionExercise 12-1: Blue SkyExercise 12-2: Game CharacterPiloting the ShipResponding to a KeypressAllowing Continuous MovementMoving Both Left and RightAdjusting the Ship’s SpeedLimiting the Ship’s RangeRefactoring check_events()A Quick Recapalien_invasion.pysettings.pygame_functions.pyship.pyExercise 12-3: RocketExercise 12-4: KeysShooting BulletsAdding the Bullet SettingsCreating the Bullet ClassStoring Bullets in a GroupFiring BulletsDeleting Old BulletsLimiting the Number of BulletsCreating the update_bullets() FunctionCreating the fire_bullet() FunctionExercise 12-5: Sideways ShooterSummary
Chapter 13: Aliens!
Reviewing Your ProjectCreating the First AlienCreating the Alien ClassCreating an Instance of the AlienMaking the Alien Appear OnscreenBuilding the Alien FleetDetermining How Many Aliens Fit in a RowCreating Rows of AliensCreating the FleetRefactoring create_fleet()Adding RowsExercise 13-1: StarsExercise 13-2: Better StarsMaking the Fleet MoveMoving the Aliens RightCreating Settings for Fleet DirectionChecking to See Whether an Alien Has Hit the EdgeDropping the Fleet and Changing DirectionExercise 13-3: RaindropsExercise 13-4: Steady RainShooting AliensDetecting Bullet CollisionsMaking Larger Bullets for TestingRepopulating the FleetSpeeding Up the BulletsRefactoring update_bullets()Exercise 13-5: CatchEnding the GameDetecting Alien-Ship CollisionsResponding to Alien-Ship CollisionsAliens that Reach the Bottom of the ScreenGame Over!Identifying When Parts of the Game Should RunExercise 13-6: Game OverSummary
Chapter 14: Scoring
Adding the Play ButtonCreating a Button ClassDrawing the Button to the ScreenStarting the GameResetting the GameDeactivating the Play ButtonHiding the Mouse CursorExercise 14-1: Press P to PlayExercise 14-2: Target PracticeLeveling UpModifying the Speed SettingsResetting the SpeedExercise 14-3: Challenging Target PracticeScoringDisplaying the ScoreMaking a ScoreboardUpdating the Score as Aliens Are Shot DownMaking Sure to Score All HitsIncreasing Point ValuesRounding the ScoreHigh ScoresDisplaying the LevelDisplaying the Number of ShipsExercise 14-4: All-Time High ScoreExercise 14-5: RefactoringExercise 14-6: Expanding Alien InvasionSummary
Project 2: Data Visualization
Chapter 15: Generating Data
Installing matplotlibOn LinuxOn OS XOn WindowsTesting matplotlibThe matplotlib GalleryPlotting a Simple Line GraphChanging the Label Type and Graph ThicknessCorrecting the PlotPlotting and Styling Individual Points with scatter()Plotting a Series of Points with scatter()Calculating Data AutomaticallyRemoving Outlines from Data PointsDefining Custom ColorsUsing a ColormapSaving Your Plots AutomaticallyExercise 15-1: CubesExercise 15-2: Colored CubesRandom WalksCreating the RandomWalk() ClassChoosing DirectionsPlotting the Random WalkGenerating Multiple Random WalksStyling the WalkColoring the PointsPlotting the Starting and Ending PointsCleaning Up the AxesAdding Plot PointsAltering the Size to Fill the ScreenExercise 15-3: Molecular MotionExercise 15-4: Modified Random WalksExercise 15-5: RefactoringRolling Dice with PygalInstalling PygalThe Pygal GalleryCreating the Die ClassRolling the DieAnalyzing the ResultsMaking a HistogramRolling Two DiceRolling Dice of Different SizesExercise 15-6: Automatic LabelsExercise 15-7: Two D8sExercise 15-8: Three DiceExercise 15-9: MultiplicationExercise 15-10: Practicing with Both LibrariesSummary
Chapter 16: Downloading Data
The CSV File FormatParsing the CSV File HeadersPrinting the Headers and Their PositionsExtracting and Reading DataPlotting Data in a Temperature ChartThe datetime ModulePlotting DatesPlotting a Longer TimeframePlotting a Second Data SeriesShading an Area in the ChartError-CheckingExercise 16-1: San FranciscoExercise 16-2: Sitka-Death Valley ComparisonExercise 16-3: RainfallExercise 16-4: ExploreMapping Global Data Sets: JSON FormatDownloading World Population DataExtracting Relevant DataConverting Strings into Numerical ValuesObtaining Two-Digit Country CodesBuilding a World MapPlotting Numerical Data on a World MapPlotting a Complete Population MapGrouping Countries by PopulationStyling World Maps in PygalLightening the Color ThemeExercise 16-5: All CountriesExercise 16-6: Gross Domestic ProductExercise 16-7: Choose Your Own DataExercise 16-8: Testing the country_codes ModuleSummary
Chapter 17: Working with APIs
Using a Web APIGit and GitHubRequesting Data Using an API CallInstalling RequestsProcessing an API ResponseWorking with the Response DictionarySummarizing the Top RepositoriesMonitoring API Rate LimitsVisualizing Repositories Using PygalRefining Pygal ChartsAdding Custom TooltipsPlotting the DataAdding Clickable Links to Our GraphThe Hacker News APIExercise 17-1: Other LanguagesExercise 17-2: Active DiscussionsExercise 17-3: Testing python_repos.pySummary
Project 3: Web Applications
Chapter 18: Getting Started with Django
Setting Up a ProjectWriting a SpecCreating a Virtual EnvironmentInstalling virtualenvActivating the Virtual EnvironmentInstalling DjangoCreating a Project in DjangoCreating the DatabaseViewing the ProjectExercise 18-1: New ProjectsStarting an AppDefining ModelsActivating ModelsThe Django Admin SiteSetting Up a SuperuserRegistering a Model with the Admin SiteAdding TopicsDefining the Entry ModelMigrating the Entry ModelRegistering Entry with the Admin SiteThe Django ShellExercise 18-2: Short EntriesExercise 18-3: The Django APIExercise 18-4: PizzeriaMaking Pages: The Learning Log Home PageMapping a URLWriting a ViewWriting a TemplateExercise 18-5: Meal PlannerExercise 18-6: Pizzeria Home PageBuilding Additional PagesTemplate InheritanceThe Parent TemplateThe Child TemplateThe Topics PageThe Topics URL PatternThe Topics ViewThe Topics TemplateIndividual Topic PagesThe Topic URL PatternThe Topic ViewThe Topic TemplateLinks from the Topics PageExercise 18-7: Template DocumentationExercise 18-8: Pizzeria PagesSummary
Chapter 19: User Accounts
Allowing Users to Enter DataAdding New TopicsThe Topic ModelFormThe new_topic URLThe new_topic() View FunctionGET and POST RequestsThe new_topic TemplateLinking to the new_topic PageAdding New EntriesThe Entry ModelFormThe new_entry URLThe new_entry() View FunctionThe new_entry TemplateLinking to the new_entry PageEditing EntriesThe edit_entry URLThe edit_entry() View FunctionThe edit_entry TemplateLinking to the edit_entry PageExercise 19-1: BlogSetting Up User AccountsThe users AppAdding users to settings.pyIncluding the URLs from usersThe Login PageThe login TemplateLinking to the Login PageUsing the Login PageLogging OutThe logout URLThe logout_view() View FunctionLinking to the logout ViewThe Registration PageThe register URLThe register() View FunctionThe register TemplateLinking to the Registration PageExercise 19-2: Blog AccountsAllowing Users to Own Their DataRestricting Access with @login_requiredRestricting Access to the Topics PageRestricting Access Throughout Learning LogConnecting Data to Certain UsersModifying the Topic ModelIdentifying Existing UsersMigrating the DatabaseRestricting Topics Access to Appropriate UsersProtecting a User’s TopicsProtecting the edit_entry PageAssociating New Topics with the Current UserExercise 19-3: RefactoringExercise 19-4: Protecting new_entryExercise 19-5: Protected BlogSummary
Chapter 20: Styling and Deploying an App
Styling Learning LogThe django-bootstrap3 AppUsing Bootstrap to Style Learning LogModifying base.htmlDefining the HTML HeadersDefining the Navigation BarDefining the Main Part of the PageStyling the Home Page Using a JumbotronStyling the Login PageStyling the new_topic PageStyling the Topics PageStyling the Entries on the Topic PageExercise 20-1: Other FormsExercise 20-2: Stylish BlogDeploying Learning LogMaking a Heroku AccountInstalling the Heroku ToolbeltInstalling Required PackagesCreating a Packages List with a requirements.txt FileSpecifying the Python RuntimeModifying settings.py for HerokuMaking a Procfile to Start ProcessesModifying wsgi.py for HerokuMaking a Directory for Static FilesUsing the gunicorn Server LocallyUsing Git to Track the Project’s FilesInstalling GitConfiguring GitIgnoring FilesCommitting the ProjectPushing to HerokuSetting Up the Database on HerokuRefining the Heroku DeploymentCreating a Superuser on HerokuCreating a User-Friendly URL on HerokuSecuring the Live ProjectCommitting and Pushing ChangesCreating Custom Error PagesMaking Custom TemplatesViewing the Error Pages LocallyPushing the Changes to HerokuUsing the get_object_or_404() MethodOngoing DevelopmentThe SECRET_KEY SettingDeleting a Project on HerokuExercise 20-3: Live BlogExercise 20-4: More 404sExercise 20-5: Extended Learning LogSummary
Afterword
Appendix A: Installing Python
Python on LinuxFinding the Installed VersionInstalling Python 3 on LinuxPython on OS XFinding the Installed VersionUsing Homebrew to Install Python 3Installing HomebrewInstalling Python 3Python on WindowsInstalling Python 3 on WindowsFinding the Python InterpreterAdding Python to Your Path VariablePython Keywords and Built-in FunctionsPython KeywordsPython Built-in Functions
Appendix B: Text Editors
GeanyInstalling Geany on LinuxInstalling Geany on WindowsRunning Python Programs in GeanyCustomizing Geany SettingsConverting Tabs to SpacesSetting the Line Length IndicatorIndenting and Unindenting Code BlocksCommenting Out Blocks of CodeSublime TextInstalling Sublime Text on OS XInstalling Sublime Text on LinuxInstalling Sublime Text on WindowsRunning Python Programs in Sublime TextConfiguring Sublime TextCustomizing Sublime Text SettingsConverting Tabs to SpacesSetting the Line Length IndicatorIndenting and Unindenting Code BlocksCommenting Out Blocks of CodeIDLEInstalling IDLE on LinuxInstalling IDLE on OS XInstalling IDLE on WindowsCustomizing IDLE SettingsIndenting and Unindenting Code BlocksCommenting Out Blocks of CodeEmacs and vim
Appendix C: Getting Help
First StepsTry It AgainTake a BreakRefer to This Book’s ResourcesSearching OnlineStack OverflowThe Official Python DocumentationOfficial Library Documentationr/learnpythonBlog PostsIRC (Internet Relay Chat)Make an IRC AccountChannels to JoinIRC Culture
Appendix D: Using Git for Version Control
Installing GitInstalling Git on LinuxInstalling Git on OS XInstalling Git on WindowsConfiguring GitMaking a ProjectIgnoring FilesInitializing a RepositoryChecking the StatusAdding Files to the RepositoryMaking a CommitChecking the LogThe Second CommitReverting a ChangeChecking Out Previous CommitsDeleting the Repository
Index
Resources

Content preview from Python Crash Course

2VARIABLES AND SIMPLE DATA TYPES

In this chapter you’ll learn about the different kinds of data you can work with in your Python programs. You’ll also learn how to store your data in variables and how to use those variables in your programs.

What Really Happens When You Run hello_world.py

Let’s take a closer look at what Python does when you run hello_world.py. As it turns out, Python does a fair amount of work, even when it runs a simple program:

hello_world.py

print("Hello Python world!")

When you run this code, you should see this output:

Hello Python world!

When you run the file hello_world.py, the ending .py indicates that the file is a Python ...

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Python Crash Course

by Eric Matthes

2VARIABLES AND SIMPLE DATA TYPES

What Really Happens When You Run hello_world.py

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