book

Qos-Enabled Networks: Tools and Foundations

by Miguel Barreiros, Peter Lundqvist

March 2011

Intermediate to advanced

242 pages

6h 39m

English

Wiley

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Cover
Half title page
Title page
Copyright page
About the Authors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Part One: The QOS Realm
1 The QOS World1.1 Operation and Signaling1.2 Standards and Per-Hop Behavior1.3 Traffic Characterization1.4 A Router Without QOS1.5 Conclusion

2 The QOS Tools
2.1 Classifiers and Classes of Service2.2 Metering and Coloring – CIR/PIR Model2.3 The Policer Tool2.4 The Shaper Function2.5 Comparing Policing and Shaping2.6 Queue2.7 The Scheduler2.8 The Rewrite Tool2.9 Example of Combining Tools2.10 Delay and Jitter Insertion2.11 Packet Loss2.12 Conclusion
3 Challenges
3.1 Defining the Classes of Service3.2 Classes of Service and Queues Mapping3.3 Inherent Delay Factors3.4 Congestion Points3.5 Trust Borders3.6 Granularity Levels3.7 Control Traffic3.8 Trust, Granularity, and Control Traffic3.9 Conclusion
4 Traffic Types
4.1 Anatomy of the TCP Protocol4.2 The TCP Session4.3 TCP Congestion Mechanism4.4 TCP Congestion Scenario4.5 PMTU4.6 QOS Conclusions for TCP4.7 Real-Time Traffic4.8 Anatomy of Real-Time Traffic4.9 RTP4.10 VOIP4.11 QOS Conclusions for VOIP4.12 IPTV4.13 Long-lasting versus Short-lived Sessions4.14 Example of Internet Radio/Video4.15 Example of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Applications4.16 Discovering P2P on the Network4.17 Illegal File Sharing and Copyright Violation4.18 QOS Conclusions for New Internet Applications
Part Two: Tools
5 Classifiers5.1 Packet QOS Markings5.2 Inbound Interface Information5.3 Deep Packet Inspection5.4 Selecting Classifiers5.5 The QOS Network Perspective5.6 MPLS DiffServ-TE5.7 Mixing Different QOS Realms5.8 Conclusion
6 Policing and Shaping
6.1 Token Buckets6.2 Traffic Bursts6.3 Dual-Rate Token Buckets6.4 Shapers and Leaky Buckets6.5 Excess Traffic and Oversubscription6.6 Comparing and Applying Policer and Shaper Tools6.7 Conclusion
7 Queuing and Scheduling
7.1 Queuing and Scheduling Concepts7.2 Packets and Cellification7.3 Different Types of Queuing Disciplines7.4 FIFO – First in, First out7.5 Fair Queuing7.6 Priority Queuing7.7 Weighted Fair Queuing7.8 Weighted Round Robin7.9 Deficit Weighted Round Robin7.10 Priority-Based Deficit Weighted Round Robin7.11 Conclusions about the Best Queuing Discipline
8 Advanced Queuing Topics
8.1 Hierarchical Scheduling8.2 Queues Lengths and Buffer Size8.3 Dynamically Sized versus Fixed-Size Queue Buffers8.4 RED – Random Early Discard8.5 Using RED with TCP Sessions8.6 Differentiating Traffic Inside a Queue with WRED8.7 Head versus Tail RED8.8 Segmented and Interpolated RED Profiles8.9 Conclusion
Part Three: Case Studies
9 The VPLS Case Study9.1 High-Level Case Study Overview9.2 Virtual Private Networks9.3 Service Overview9.4 Service Technical Implementation9.5 Network Internals9.6 Classes of Service and Queue Mapping9.7 Classification and Trust Borders9.8 Admission Control9.9 Rewrite Rules9.10 Absorbing Traffic Bursts at the Egress9.11 Queues and Scheduling at Core-Facing Interfaces9.12 Queues and Scheduling at Customer-Facing Interfaces9.13 Tracing a Packet Through the Network9.14 Adding More Services9.15 Multicast Traffic9.16 Using Bandwidth Reservations9.17 Conclusion
10 Case Study IP RAN and Mobile Backhaul QOS
10.1 Evolution from 2G to 4G10.2 2G Network Components10.3 Traffic on 2G Networks10.4 3G Network Components10.5 Traffic on 3G Networks10.6 LTE Network Components10.7 LTE Traffic Types10.8 LTE Traffic Classes10.9 Conclusion
11 Conclusion
Index

Content preview from Qos-Enabled Networks: Tools and Foundations

Advanced Queuing Topics

Chapter 7 focused on queuing and scheduling concepts and how they operate. This chapter discusses more advanced scenarios involving over-provisioning and guaranteed rates that are used in large-scale queues to differentiate shaping rates. This chapter touches on the debate about the optimal size of the queues and different memory allocation techniques. Finally, the chapter details the famous (or infamous) RED (Random Early Discard) concept.

8.1 Hierarchical Scheduling

The techniques in Chapter 7 described single-level port scheduling. But modern QOS scenarios and implementations need to support multiple levels of scheduling and shaping. A situation when this is common is a subscriber scenario that provisions end users. Consider the topology in Figure 8.1.

Figure 8.1 Aggregated hierarchical rate provisioning model

The Broadband Service Router (BSR) in Figure 8.1 has a 10-Gbps Gigabit Ethernet link to the switch. The two connections between this switch and the two DSLAM switches are both Gigabit Ethernet links. The subscribers have traffic contracts with different services and rates. To be able to have a functional traffic provisioning model, rates to and from the subscribers need to accommodate service and contracts. Traffic from the subscribers must be shaped to align with the service contract, and traffic to the subscribers must be shaped according to the ...

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Qos-Enabled Networks: Tools and Foundations

by Miguel Barreiros, Peter Lundqvist

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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