Universal Quantum Gates
Now that we know how to specify made-to-order quantum states, in this section you’ll study quantum gates that put qubits in these custom states.
In general, every quantum gate, including the
NOT, H, Z,
and the quantum logic gates, operates on quantum states
defined with complex numbers.
Recall from Rotating Qubelets Through Any Angle,
the quantum state 
is written as follows:
Consider a quantum state defined by 
, as follows: ...
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