R in a Nutshell

Subset Selection and Shrinkage Methods

Modeling functions like lm will include every variable specified in the formula, calculating a coefficient for each one. Unfortunately, this means that lm may calculate coefficients for variables that aren’t needed. You can manually tune a model using diagnostics like summary and lm.influence. However, you can also use some other statistical techniques to reduce the effect of insignificant variables or remove them from a model altogether.

Stepwise Variable Selection

A simple technique for selecting the most important variables is stepwise variable selection. The stepwise algorithm works by repeatedly adding or removing variables from the model, trying to “improve” the model at each step. When the algorithm can no longer improve the model by adding or subtracting variables, it stops and returns the new (and usually smaller) model.

Note that “improvement” does not just mean reducing the residual sum of squares (RSS) for the fitted model. Adding an additional variable to a model will not increase the RSS (see a statistics book for an explanation of why), but it does increase model complexity. Typically, AIC (Akaike’s information criterion) is used to measure the value of each additional variable. The AIC is defined as AIC = − 2 ∗ log(L) + k ∗ edf, where L is the likelihood and edf is the equivalent degrees of freedom.

In R, you perform stepwise selection through the step function:

step(object, scope, scale = 0, direction = c("both", "backward", "forward"), ...