Raspberry Pi Cookbook, 4th Edition

Chapter 7. Advanced Python

7.0 Introduction

In this chapter, we’ll explore some of the more advanced concepts in the Python language—in particular reading and writing files, handling exceptions, using modules, and basic internet programming.

Although we have already met various aspects of object orientation, classes, and methods, in this chapter we will examine them in more detail and explain what is going on.

7.1 Formatting Numbers

Problem

You want to format numbers to a certain number of decimal places.

Solution

Apply a format string to the number.

For example:

>>> x = 1.2345678
>>> "x={:.2f}".format(x)
'x=1.23'
>>>

The result returned by the format method is a string, which will be displayed in the Terminal because we are working interactively. However, when using format in a program, it’s most likely to be used inside a print statement, like this:

x = 1.2345678
print("x={:.2f}".format(x))

Discussion

The formatting string can contain a mixture of regular text and markers delimited by { and }. The parameters to the format function (there can be as many as you like) will be substituted in place of the marker, according to the format specifier.

In the preceding example, the format specifier is :.2f, which means that the number will be specified with two digits after the decimal place and is a float, f.

If you wanted the number to be formatted so that the total length of the number is always seven digits (or padding spaces), you would add another number before ...