Real-Time Rendering, Third Edition, 3rd Edition

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Contents

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 ContentsOverview ..................... 2

1.2 Notation and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline 11

2.1 Architecture......................... 12

2.2 TheApplicationStage ................... 14

2.3 TheGeometryStage .................... 15

2.4 TheRasterizerStage.................... 21

2.5 Through the Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3 The Graphics Processing Unit 29

3.1 GPUPipelineOverview .................. 30

3.2 The Programmable Shader Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.3 The Evolution of Programmable Shading . . . . . . . . . 33

3.4 TheVertexShader ..................... 38

3.5 TheGeometryShader ................... 40

3.6 ThePixelShader...................... 42

3.7 TheMergingStage..................... 44

3.8 Effects............................ 45

4Transforms 53

4.1 BasicTransforms...................... 55

4.2 Special Matrix Transforms and Operations . . . . . . . . 65

4.3 Quaternions......................... 72

4.4 VertexBlending....................... 80

4.5 Morphing .......................... 85

4.6 Projections ......................... 89

5 Visual Appearance 99

5.1 Visual Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

5.2 LightSources ........................ 100

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viii Contents

5.3 Material........................... 104

5.4 Sensor ............................ 107

5.5 Shading ........................... 110

5.6 AliasingandAntialiasing.................. 116

5.7 Transparency, Alpha, and Compositing . . . . . . . . . . 134

5.8 GammaCorrection..................... 141

6 Texturing 147

6.1 TheTexturingPipeline................... 148

6.2 ImageTexturing ...................... 156

6.3 ProceduralTexturing.................... 178

6.4 TextureAnimation..................... 180

6.5 MaterialMapping...................... 180

6.6 AlphaMapping....................... 181

6.7 BumpMapping....................... 183

7 Advanced Shading 201

7.1 Radiometry ......................... 202

7.2 Photometry ......................... 209

7.3 Colorimetry......................... 210

7.4 LightSourceTypes..................... 217

7.5 BRDFTheory........................ 223

7.6 BRDFModels........................ 251

7.7 BRDF Acquisition and Representation . . . . . . . . . . 264

7.8 ImplementingBRDFs ................... 269

7.9 Combining Lights and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

8 Area and Environmental Lighting 285

8.1 Radiometry for Arbitrary Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

8.2 AreaLightSources..................... 289

8.3 AmbientLight ....................... 295

8.4 EnvironmentMapping ................... 297

8.5 Glossy Reflections from Environment Maps . . . . . . . 308

8.6 Irradiance Environment Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

9 Global Illumination 327

9.1 Shadows........................... 331

9.2 AmbientOcclusion ..................... 373

9.3 Reflections.......................... 386

9.4 Transmittance........................ 392

9.5 Refractions ......................... 396

9.6 Caustics........................... 399

9.7 Global Subsurface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

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Contents ix

9.8 FullGlobalIllumination .................. 407

9.9 PrecomputedLighting ................... 417

9.10 PrecomputedOcclusion .................. 425

9.11 Precomputed Radiance Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

10 Image-Based Effects 439

10.1 TheRenderingSpectrum.................. 440

10.2 Fixed-ViewEffects ..................... 440

10.3 Skyboxes........................... 443

10.4 LightFieldRendering ................... 444

10.5 SpritesandLayers ..................... 445

10.6 Billboarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

10.7 ParticleSystems ...................... 455

10.8 DisplacementTechniques.................. 463

10.9 ImageProcessing...................... 467

10.10 ColorCorrection ...................... 474

10.11 ToneMapping........................ 475

10.12 LensFlareandBloom ................... 482

10.13 DepthofField ....................... 486

10.14 MotionBlur......................... 490

10.15 Fog.............................. 496

10.16 VolumeRendering ..................... 502

11 Non-Photorealistic Rendering 507

11.1 ToonShading........................ 508

11.2 Silhouette Edge Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

11.3 OtherStyles......................... 523

11.4 Lines............................. 527

12 Polygonal Techniques 531

12.1 Sources of Three-Dimensional Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

12.2 Tessellation and Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

12.3 Consolidation........................ 541

12.4 Triangle Fans, Strips, and Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

12.5 Simplification ........................ 561

13 Curves and Curved Surfaces 575

13.1 ParametricCurves ..................... 576

13.2 Parametric Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

13.3 ImplicitSurfaces ...................... 606

13.4 SubdivisionCurves..................... 608

13.5 SubdivisionSurfaces .................... 611

13.6 EfficientTessellation .................... 629