Environmental Damage to Electronic Products
Abstract
The sources of integrated circuit damage considered up to this point originated within the materials and substances used in manufacturing. But now we confront degradation and damage to electronic products from outside sources such as humid atmospheres, airborne contaminant particles, and ionizing radiation. Even in the very early years of microelectronics it was recognized that moisture and atmospheric particulates, often ionic in nature, posed serious reliability problems in devices, components, and packages. Thin-film metallizations and fine wires composed of corrodible metals (e.g., Al, Ag) and insulation (plastic, ceramics) prone to moisture absorption resulted in degradation products ...
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