Chapter 1
[1] The OSI protocol suite itself has become, with some rare exceptions, a relic of early Internet history. Its current contribution to networking technology seems to be mainly limited to the usefulness of its reference model in illustrating modular protocol suites to networking students—and, of course, the IS-IS routing protocol still widely used in large service provider and carrier networks.
[2] BGP is an application layer protocol because it uses TCP to transport its messages, and RIP because it uses UDP for the same purposes. Other routing protocols such as OSPF are said to operate at the internet layer because they encapsulate their messages directly into IP packets.
[3] K. Nichols, S. Blake, F. Baker, and D. Black, "Definition ...
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