3. The Science of Gender Difference

Facts are stubborn things….

—John Adams, second president of the U.S.

Until the year 1990, women were routinely excluded from medical research—at least in the United States—even when the subject was something as female-centric as the effect of estrogen on heart disease. In that year, however, prodded by feminist activism, the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health opened the Office of Research on Women’s Health and ignited a revolution in our understanding of gender-related differences in human physiology and health. Advances followed—in diseases unique to women or with a higher prevalence in women than in men as well as in diseases in which women present differently from men.

Equally illuminating ...

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