book

Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One, Second Edition

Name: Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One, Second Edition
Author: Julie C. Meloni
ISBN: 9780672327254

by Julie C. Meloni

December 2004

Beginner

648 pages

13h 26m

English

Sams

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Copyright
About the Authors
Lead AuthorContributing Authors
Acknowledgments
We Want to Hear from You!
Reader Services
Introduction
Who Should Read This Book?How This Book Is OrganizedConventions Used in This Book
I. Laying the Groundwork
1. Installation QuickStart Guide
Linux/Unix InstallationInstalling MySQLInstalling ApacheInstalling PHPWindows InstallationInstalling MySQLInstalling ApacheInstalling PHPMac OS X InstallationInstalling MySQLInstalling PHPTroubleshooting
2. Installing and Configuring MySQL
Current and Future Versions of MySQLHow to Get MySQLInstalling MySQL on Linux/UnixInstalling MySQL on Mac OS XInstalling MySQL on WindowsTroubleshooting Your InstallationBasic Security GuidelinesStarting MySQLSecuring Your MySQL ConnectionIntroducing the MySQL Privilege SystemThe Two-Step Authentication ProcessWorking with User PrivilegesAdding UsersRemoving PrivilegesSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
3. Installing and Configuring Apache
Current and Future Versions of ApacheChoosing the Appropriate Installation MethodBuilding from SourceInstalling a BinaryInstalling Apache on Linux/UnixDownloading the Apache Source CodeUncompressing the Source CodePreparing to Build ApacheBuilding and Installing ApacheInstalling Apache on Mac OS XInstalling Apache on WindowsApache Configuration File StructureDirectivesContainersConditional EvaluationServerRootPer-Directory Configuration FilesApache Log Filesaccess_logerror_logAdditional FilesApache-Related CommandsApache Server BinaryApache Control ScriptStarting Apache for the First TimeCheck Your Configuration FileStarting ApacheTroubleshootingAlready an Existing Web ServerNo Permission to Bind to PortAccess DeniedWrong Group SettingsSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
4. Installing and Configuring PHP
Current and Future Versions of PHPBuilding PHP on Linux/Unix with ApacheAdditional Configuration OptionsIntegrating PHP with Apache on Linux/UnixInstalling PHP on Mac OS XInstalling PHP on WindowsIntegrating PHP with Apache on Windowsphp.ini BasicsTesting Your InstallationGetting Installation HelpThe Basics of PHP ScriptsBeginning and Ending a Block of PHP StatementsThe echo Statement and print() FunctionCombining HTML and PHPAdding Comments to PHP CodeSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities

II. PHP Language Structure
5. The Building Blocks of PHP
VariablesGlobals and SuperglobalsData TypesChanging Type with settype()Changing Type by CastingWhy Test Type?Operators and ExpressionsThe Assignment OperatorArithmetic OperatorsThe Concatenation OperatorCombined Assignment OperatorsAutomatically Incrementing and Decrementing an Integer VariableComparison OperatorsCreating Complex Test Expressions with the Logical OperatorsOperator PrecedenceConstantsPredefined ConstantsSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
6. Flow Control Functions in PHP
Switching FlowThe if StatementUsing the else Clause with the if StatementUsing the else if Clause with the if StatementThe switch StatementUsing the ? OperatorLoopsThe while StatementThe do...while StatementThe for StatementBreaking Out of Loops with the break StatementSkipping an Iteration with the continue StatementNesting LoopsCode Blocks and Browser OutputSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
7. Working with Functions
What is a Function?Calling FunctionsDefining a FunctionReturning Values from User-Defined FunctionsVariable ScopeAccessing Variables with the global StatementSaving State Between Function Calls with the static StatementMore About ArgumentsSetting Default Values for ArgumentsPassing Variable References to FunctionsTesting for the Existence of a FunctionSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
8. Working with Arrays and Objects
What is an Array?Creating ArraysCreating Associative ArraysCreating Multidimensional ArraysSome Array-Related FunctionsCreating an ObjectProperties of ObjectsObject MethodsConstructorsObject InheritanceSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
III. Getting Involved with the Code
9. Working with Strings, Dates, and Times
Formatting Strings with PHPWorking with printf()printf() and Type SpecifiersPadding Output with the Padding SpecifierSpecifying a Field WidthSpecifying PrecisionConversion Specifications: A RecapArgument SwappingStoring a Formatted StringInvestigating Strings in PHPA Note About Indexing StringsFinding the Length of a String with strlen()Finding a Substring Within a String with strstr()Finding the Position of a Substring with strpos()Extracting Part of a String with substr()Tokenizing a String with strtok()Manipulating Strings with PHPCleaning Up a String with trim(), ltrim(), and strip_tags()Replacing a Portion of a String Using substr_replace()Replacing Substrings Using str_replaceConverting CaseWrapping Text with wordwrap() and nl2br()Breaking Strings into Arrays with explode()Using Date and Time Functions in PHPGetting the Date with time()Converting a Timestamp with getdate()Converting a Timestamp with date()Creating Timestamps with mktime()Testing a Date with checkdate()SummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
10. Working with Forms
Creating a Simple Input FormAccessing Form Input with User-Defined ArraysCombining HTML and PHP Code on a Single PageUsing Hidden Fields to Save StateRedirecting the UserSending Mail on Form SubmissionSystem Configuration for the mail() FunctionCreating the FormCreating the Script to Send the MailFormatting Your Mail with HTMLWorking with File UploadsCreating the File Upload FormCreating the File Upload ScriptSummaryWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
11. Working with Cookies and User Sessions
Introducing CookiesThe Anatomy of a CookieSetting a Cookie with PHPDeleting a CookieSession Function OverviewStarting a SessionWorking with Session VariablesPassing Session IDs in the Query StringDestroying Sessions and Unsetting VariablesUsing Sessions in an Environment with Registered UsersWorking with Registered UsersWorking with User PreferencesSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
12. Working with Files and Directories
Including Files with include()Returning a Value from an Included DocumentUsing include() Within Control StructuresUsing include_once()The include_path DirectiveValidating FilesChecking for Existence with file_exists()A File or a Directory?Checking the Status of a FileDetermining File Size with filesize()Getting Date Information About a FileCreating a Function That Performs Multiple File TestsCreating and Deleting FilesOpening a File for Writing, Reading, or AppendingReading from FilesReading Lines from a File with fgets() and feof()Reading Arbitrary Amounts of Data from a File with fread()Reading Characters from a File with fgetc()Writing or Appending to a FileWriting to a File with fwrite() or fputs()Locking Files with flock()Working with DirectoriesCreating Directories with mkdir()Removing a Directory with rmdir()Opening a Directory for Reading with opendir()Reading the Contents of a Directory with readdir()SummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
13. Working with the Server Environment
Opening Pipes to and from Processes Using popen()Running Commands with exec()Running Commands with system() or passthru()SummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswers
14. Working with Images
Understanding the Image-Creation ProcessA Word About ColorNecessary Modifications to PHPObtaining Additional LibrariesDrawing a New ImageDrawing Shapes and LinesUsing a Color FillGetting Fancy with Pie ChartsModifying Existing ImagesImage Creation from User InputSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
IV. PHP and MySQL Integration
15. Understanding the Database Design Process
The Importance of Good Database DesignTypes of Table RelationshipsOne-to-One RelationshipsOne-to-Many RelationshipsMany-to-Many RelationshipsUnderstanding NormalizationProblems with the Flat TableFirst Normal FormSecond Normal FormThird Normal FormFollowing the Design ProcessSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
16. Learning Basic SQL Commands
Learning the MySQL Data TypesNumeric Data TypesDate and Time TypesString TypesLearning the Table Creation SyntaxUsing the INSERT CommandA Closer Look at INSERTUsing the SELECT CommandOrdering SELECT ResultsLimiting Your ResultsUsing WHERE in Your QueriesUsing Operators in WHERE ClausesString Comparison Using LIKESelecting from Multiple TablesUsing JOINUsing the UPDATE Command to Modify RecordsConditional UPDATEsUsing Existing Column Values with UPDATEUsing the REPLACE CommandUsing the DELETE CommandConditional DELETEFrequently Used String Functions in MySQLLength and Concatenation FunctionsTrimming and Padding FunctionsLocation and Position FunctionsSubstring FunctionsString Modification FunctionsUsing Date and Time Functions in MySQLWorking with DaysWorking with Months and YearsWorking with WeeksWorking with Hours, Minutes, and SecondsFormatting Dates and Times with MySQLPerforming Date Arithmetic with MySQLSpecial Functions and Conversion FeaturesSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
17. Interacting with MySQL Using PHP
Connecting to MySQL with PHPUsing mysql_connect()Executing QueriesRetrieving Error MessagesWorking with MySQL DataInserting Data with PHPRetrieving Data with PHPAdditional MySQL Functions in PHPSummaryWorkshopQuizAnswers
V. Basic Projects
18. Managing a Simple Mailing List
Developing the Subscription MechanismCreating the subscribers TableCreating the Subscription FormDeveloping the Mailing MechanismSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswers
19. Creating an Online Address Book
Planning and Creating the Database TablesCreating a MenuCreating the Record Addition MechanismViewing RecordsCreating the Record Deletion MechanismAdding Subentries to a RecordSummaryWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
20. Creating a Simple Discussion Forum
Designing the Database TablesCreating the Input Forms and ScriptsDisplaying the Topic ListDisplaying the Posts in a TopicAdding Posts to a TopicSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
21. Creating an Online Storefront
Planning and Creating the Database TablesInserting Records into the store_categories TableInserting Records into the store_items TableInserting Records into the store_item_size TableInserting Records into the store_item_color TableDisplaying Categories of ItemsDisplaying ItemsSummaryWorkshopQuizAnswers
22. Creating a Shopping Cart Mechanism
Planning and Creating the Database TablesIntegrating the Cart with Your StorefrontAdding Items to Your CartViewing the CartRemoving Items from Your CartPayment Methods and the Checkout SequenceCreating the Checkout FormPerforming the Checkout ActionsSummaryWorkshopQuizAnswers
23. Creating a Simple Calendar
Building a Simple Display CalendarChecking User InputBuilding the HTML FormCreating the Calendar TableAdding Events to the CalendarCreating a Calendar LibrarySummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
24. Restricting Access to Your Applications
Authentication OverviewClient AuthenticationUser Management MethodsApache Authentication Module FunctionalityFile-Based AuthenticationBack-End StorageUser ManagementAuthoritativeUsing mod_authDatabase File-Based Access ControlBack-End StorageUser ManagementUsing Apache for Access ControlImplementing Access RulesAllow/Deny Access by IP AddressesAllow/Deny Access by Domain NameAllow/Deny Access Based on Environment VariablesAllow/Deny Access to All ClientsEvaluating Access RulesAllow,DenyMutual-FailureCombining Apache Access MethodsLimiting Access Based on HTTP MethodsRestricting Access Based on Cookie ValuesCreating the Authorized Users TableCreating the Login Form and ScriptTesting for the auth CookieSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivity
25. Logging and Monitoring Web Server Activity
Standard Apache Access LoggingDeciding What to LogThe HostNameLookups DirectiveThe IdentityCheck DirectiveStatus CodeLogging Accesses to FilesLogging Environment Variables with CustomLogLogging Accesses to a ProgramStandard Apache Error LoggingLogging Errors to a FileLogging Errors to a ProgramThe syslog Daemon ArgumentThe LogLevel DirectiveManaging Apache LogsResolving HostnamesLog RotationMerging and Splitting LogsLog AnalysisMonitoring Error LogsLogging Custom Information to a DatabaseCreating the Database TableCreating the PHP Code SnippetCreating Sample ReportsSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswers
26. Application Localization
About Internationalization and LocalizationAbout Character SetsEnvironment ModificationsConfiguration Changes to ApacheConfiguration Changes to PHPConfiguration Changes to MySQLCreating a Localized Page StructureSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswers
VI. Administration and Fine-Tuning
27. Apache Performance Tuning and Virtual Hosting
Scalability IssuesOperating System LimitsProcessesFile DescriptorsControlling External ProcessesPerformance-Related Apache SettingsFile System AccessNetwork and Status SettingsLoad Testing with ApacheBenchProactive Performance TuningMapping Files to MemoryDistributing the LoadCachingReduce Transmitted DataNetwork SettingsPreventing AbuseRobotsImplementing Virtual HostingIP-Based Virtual HostingName-Based Virtual HostsMass Virtual HostingSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswers
28. Setting Up a Secure Web Server
The Need for SecurityThe SSL ProtocolAddressing the Need for ConfidentialitySymmetric CryptographyPublic Key CryptographyAddressing the Need for IntegrityAddressing the Need for AuthenticationSSL and CertificatesSSL Protocol SummaryObtaining and Installing SSL ToolsOpenSSLInstallation for Windows UsersInstallation for Linux/Unix UsersThe mod_ssl Apache ModuleFor Windows UsersFor Linux/UNIX UsersManaging CertificatesCreating a Key PairCreating a Certificate Signing RequestCreating a Self-Signed CertificateSSL ConfigurationStarting the ServerSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswers
29. Optimizing and Tuning MySQL
Building an Optimized PlatformUsing the benchmark() FunctionMySQL Startup OptionsKey Startup ParametersOptimizing Your Table StructureOptimizing Your QueriesUsing the FLUSH CommandUsing the SHOW CommandRetrieving Information About Databases and TablesRetrieving Table Structure InformationRetrieving System StatusSummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswersActivities
30. Software Upgrades
Staying in the LoopWhen to UpgradeUpgrading MySQLUpgrading ApacheModifying Apache Without UpgradingUpgrading PHPSummaryWorkshopQuizAnswers
VII. Looking Toward the Future
31. Features and Backward Compatibility of PHP 5.0
What Was Wrong with PHP 4?The New Object ModelAdditional New FeaturesSQLiteXML SupportSo, When Should I Install PHP 5?Backward CompatibilitySummaryQ&A
32. Features and Backward Compatibility of MySQL 4.1
Using SubqueriesSubquery Example for Time TrackingInternationalization EnhancementsAdditional New FunctionalityLooking Further Ahead to MySQL 5.0SummaryQ&AWorkshopQuizAnswers

Content preview from Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One, Second Edition

Chapter 6. Flow Control Functions in PHP

The scripts created in the last chapter flow only in a single direction—forward. That is, the same statements are executed in the same order every time a script is run. This does not allow for much flexibility, as any sort of dynamic programming will at the very least need to have a loop or two, not to mention the ability to check for the validity of certain conditions before proceeding onward.

You will now learn about the programming structures that enable your scripts to adapt to circumstances. In this chapter, you will learn

How to use the if statement to execute code if a test expression evaluates to true
How to execute alternative blocks of code when the test expression of an if statement evaluates to ...

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Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One, Second Edition

by Julie C. Meloni

Chapter 6. Flow Control Functions in PHP

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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