Scala Cookbook

1.6. Finding Patterns in Strings

Problem

You need to determine whether a String contains a regular expression pattern.

Solution

Create a Regex object by invoking the .r method on a String, and then use that pattern with findFirstIn when you’re looking for one match, and findAllIn when looking for all matches.

To demonstrate this, first create a Regex for the pattern you want to search for, in this case, a sequence of one or more numeric characters:

scala> val numPattern = "[0-9]+".r
numPattern: scala.util.matching.Regex = [0-9]+

Next, create a sample String you can search:

scala> val address = "123 Main Street Suite 101"
address: java.lang.String = 123 Main Street Suite 101

The findFirstIn method finds the first match:

scala> val match1 = numPattern.findFirstIn(address)
match1: Option[String] = Some(123)

(Notice that this method returns an Option[String]. I’ll dig into that in the Discussion.)

When looking for multiple matches, use the findAllIn method:

scala> val matches = numPattern.findAllIn(address)
matches: scala.util.matching.Regex.MatchIterator = non-empty iterator

As you can see, findAllIn returns an iterator, which lets you loop over the results:

scala> matches.foreach(println)
123
101

If findAllIn doesn’t find any results, an empty iterator is returned, so you can still write your code just like that—you don’t need to check to see if the result is null. If you’d rather have the results as an Array, add the toArray method after the findAllIn call:

scala> val matches = numPattern.findAllIn(address).toArray
matches: Array[String] = Array(123, 101)

If there are no matches, this approach yields an empty Array. Other methods like toList, toSeq, and toVector are also available.

Discussion

Using the .r method on a String is the easiest way to create a Regex object. Another approach is to import the Regex class, create a Regex instance, and then use the instance in the same way:

scala> import scala.util.matching.Regex
import scala.util.matching.Regex

scala> val numPattern = new Regex("[0-9]+")
numPattern: scala.util.matching.Regex = [0-9]+

scala> val address = "123 Main Street Suite 101"
address: java.lang.String = 123 Main Street Suite 101

scala> val match1 = numPattern.findFirstIn(address)
match1: Option[String] = Some(123)

Although this is a bit more work, it’s also more obvious. I’ve found that it can be easy to overlook the .r at the end of a String (and then spend a few minutes wondering how the code I saw could possibly work).

Handling the Option returned by findFirstIn

As mentioned in the Solution, the findFirstIn method finds the first match in the String and returns an Option[String]:

scala> val match1 = numPattern.findFirstIn(address)
match1: Option[String] = Some(123)

The Option/Some/None pattern is discussed in detail in Recipe 20.6, but the simple way to think about an Option is that it’s a container that holds either zero or one values. In the case of findFirstIn, if it succeeds, it returns the string “123” as a Some(123), as shown in this example. However, if it fails to find the pattern in the string it’s searching, it will return a None, as shown here:

scala> val address = "No address given"
address: String = No address given

scala> val match1 = numPattern.findFirstIn(address)
match1: Option[String] = None

To summarize, a method defined to return an Option[String] will either return a Some(String), or a None.

The normal way to work with an Option is to use one of these approaches:

• Call getOrElse on the value.

• Use the Option in a match expression.

• Use the Option in a foreach loop.

Recipe 20.6 describes those approaches in detail, but they’re demonstrated here for your convenience.

With the getOrElse approach, you attempt to “get” the result, while also specifying a default value that should be used if the method failed:

scala> val result = numPattern.findFirstIn(address).getOrElse("no match")
result: String = 123

Because an Option is a collection of zero or one elements, an experienced Scala developer will also use a foreach loop in this situation:

numPattern.findFirstIn(address).foreach { e =>
  // perform the next step in your algorithm,
  // operating on the value 'e'
}

A match expression also provides a very readable solution to the problem:

match1 match {
  case Some(s) => println(s"Found: $s")
  case None =>
}

See Recipe 20.6 for more information.

To summarize this approach, the following REPL example shows the complete process of creating a Regex, searching a String with findFirstIn, and then using a foreach loop on the resulting match:

scala> val numPattern = "[0-9]+".r
numPattern: scala.util.matching.Regex = [0-9]+

scala> val address = "123 Main Street Suite 101"
address: String = 123 Main Street Suite 101

scala> val match1 = numPattern.findFirstIn(address)
match1: Option[String] = Some(123)

scala> match1.foreach { e =>
     |   println(s"Found a match: $e")
     | }
Found a match: 123

See Also

• The StringOps class

• The Regex class

• Recipe 20.6 provides more information on Option