Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging

Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging

by Sidney Ray
Released August 1999
Publisher(s): Routledge
ISBN: 9781136094378

Read it now on the O’Reilly learning platform with a 10-day free trial.

O’Reilly members get unlimited access to books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers.

Start your free trial

Book description

WINNER OF THE 2001 KRASZNA-KRAUSZ PHOTOGRAPHY BOOK AWARD (Technical Photography category)

The only definitive book to fully encompass the use of photography and imaging as tools in science, technology and medicine. It describes in one single volume the basic theory, techniques, materials, special equipment and applications for a wide variety of uses of photography, including: close up photography and photomacrography to spectral recording, surveillance systems, radiography and micro-imaging.

This extensively illustrated photography 'bible' contains all the information you need, whether you are a scientist wishing to use photography for a specialist application, a professional needing to extend technical expertise, or a student wanting to broaden your knowledge of the applications of photography.

The contents are arranged in three sections:
· General Section, detailing the elements of the image capture process
· Major Applications, describing the major applications of imaging
· Specialist Applications, presenting an eclectic selection of more specialised but increasingly important applications

Each subject is introduced with an outline of its development and contemporary importance, followed by explanations of essential theory and an overview of techniques and equipment. Mathematics is only used where necessary. Numerous applications and case studies are described. Comprehensive bibliographies and references are provided for further study.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title
  4. Copyright
  5. Contents
  6. Preface
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. Abbreviations and symbols used in text
  9. 1 Introduction
    1. 1.1 Historical development
    2. 1.2 Photography as a tool
      1. 1.2.1 Scientific applications
      2. 1.2.2 Spectral recording
      3. 1.2.3 Optical techniques
      4. 1.2.4 Photomacrography and photomicroscopy
      5. 1.2.5 The study of motion and flow
      6. 1.2.6 Photogrammetry
    3. References and further reading
  10. 2 Limits of human visual perception
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 Advantages of photography
    3. 2.3 Photography as a tool
    4. References and further reading
  11. 3 Experimental design
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 Planning
    3. 3.3 The requirements for images
    4. 3.4 Units and dimensions
    5. 3.5 Working practices
    6. 3.6 Safety
    7. 3.7 Instrumentation
    8. 3.8 Records and reports
    9. References and further reading
  12. 4 Light and radiation sources
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 Properties of a source
      1. 4.2.1 Spectral output
      2. 4.2.2 Colour temperature
      3. 4.2.3 Directional properties
      4. 4.2.4 Polarization
      5. 4.2.5 Duration
      6. 4.2.6 Operational factors
    3. 4.3 Daylight
    4. 4.4 Moonlight and starlight
    5. 4.5 Tungsten filament sources
    6. 4.6 Fluorescent lighting
    7. 4.7 Discharge sources
    8. 4.8 Luminescent sources
    9. 4.9 Flash sources
      1. 4.9.1 Expendable flashbulb
      2. 4.9.2 Argon bomb
      3. 4.9.3 Spark sources
      4. 4.9.4 Electronic flash
      5. 4.9.5 Stroboscope
      6. 4.9.6 Microflash unit
      7. 4.9.7 Flash X-ray source
    10. 4.10 Laser sources
      1. 4.10.1 Lasers
      2. 4.10.2 Types of laser
      3. 4.10.3 Applications
    11. 4.11 Radiation sources
    12. References and further reading
  13. 5 Optics and lenses
    1. 5.1 Photographic optics
      1. 5.1.1 Optical theory
      2. 5.1.2 Optical materials
      3. 5.1.3 Reflection
      4. 5.1.4 Refraction
      5. 5.1.5 Transmission
      6. 5.1.6 Dispersion
    2. 5.2 Physical optics
      1. 5.2.1 Interference
      2. 5.2.2 Diffraction
      3. 5.2.3 Modulation transfer function
      4. 5.2.4 Polarization
    3. 5.3 Geometrical optics
      1. 5.3.1 Simple lens
      2. 5.3.2 Cardinal planes
      3. 5.3.3 Focal length
      4. 5.3.4 Image magnification
      5. 5.3.5 Mirrors
    4. 5.4 Optical calculations
      1. 5.4.1 Parameters
      2. 5.4.2 Equations
      3. 5.4.3 Focusing movements
      4. 5.4.4 Depth of field and depth of focus
    5. 5.5 Photographic lenses
    6. 5.6 Testing optical systems
      1. 5.6.1 Introduction
      2. 5.6.2 Laboratory testing
      3. 5.6.3 Test target design and results
      4. 5.6.4 Flare
      5. 5.6.5 Image contrast
    7. 5.7 Optical filters
    8. References and further reading
  14. 6 Camera systems for data capture
    1. 6.1 Introduction
    2. 6.2 General purpose cameras
    3. 6.3 Cine cameras
    4. 6.4 Video cameras
    5. 6.5 Instrumentation cameras
    6. 6.6 Special purpose cameras
    7. 6.7 Polaroid cameras
    8. 6.8 Scientific cameras
      1. 6.8.1 Camera design
      2. 6.8.2 The sensor array
      3. 6.8.3 Other features
    9. 6.9 Digital cameras
    10. 6.10 Viewfinder systems
    11. 6.11 Camera movements
    12. 6.12 Data imprinting
    13. References and further reading
  15. 7 Shutter systems
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 Shutterless systems
    3. 7.3 Electronic flash
    4. 7.4 Leaf shutters
    5. 7.5 Focal plane shutters
    6. 7.6 Electronic shutters
    7. References and further reading
  16. 8 Lighting
    1. 8.1 Introduction
      1. 8.1.1 General
      2. 8.1.2 Illumination
      3. 8.1.3 Lighting ratio
      4. 8.1.4 Shadows
    2. 8.2 Estimating lighting requirements
    3. 8.3 Standardized lighting
    4. 8.4 Daylight
    5. 8.5 Studio lighting
    6. 8.6 Diffuse lighting
    7. 8.7 Bright field lighting
    8. 8.8 Transillumination
    9. 8.9 Oblique lighting
    10. 8.10 Dark field lighting
    11. 8.11 Axial lighting
    12. 8.12 Structured lighting
    13. 8.13 Light sheets
    14. 8.14 Miscellaneous techniques
      1. 8.14.1 Large areas
      2. 8.14.2 Light guides
      3. 8.14.3 Special systems
    15. 8.15 Lighting accessories
    16. 8.16 Filters
    17. 8.17 Polarizing filters
    18. 8.18 Laser illumination
    19. References and further reading
  17. 9 Exposure determination
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 Theoretical considerations
    3. 9.3 Exposure value
    4. 9.4 Light metering systems
    5. 9.5 Film speed
    6. 9.6 Exposure determination systems
      1. 9.6.1 Exposure data
      2. 9.6.2 Automatic exposure systems
      3. 9.6.3 Metering techniques
      4. 9.6.4 Exposure control by lighting
    7. 9.7 Electronic imaging systems
    8. References and further reading
  18. 10 Image recording systems
    1. 10.1 Introduction
      1. 10.1.1 Recording medium
      2. 10.1.2 Choice of medium
    2. 10.2 Silver halide systems
      1. 10.2.1 Introduction
      2. 10.2.2 Properties
      3. 10.2.3 Types of material
      4. 10.2.4 Hard copy output
    3. 10.3 Processing routines
      1. 10.3.1 Wet processing
      2. 10.3.2 Modified processing
      3. 10.3.3 Laboratories and darkrooms
    4. 10.4 Special treatments
      1. 10.4.1 Introduction
      2. 10.4.2 Hypersensitization
    5. 10.5 Non-silver imaging systems
      1. 10.5.1 Characteristics
      2. 10.5.2 Hard copy systems
    6. 10.6 Recording soft images
      1. 10.6.1 The soft image
      2. 10.6.2 Direct screen photography
      3. 10.6.3 Film recorders and writers
      4. 10.6.4 Direct film recorders
      5. 10.6.5 The image plate
      6. 10.6.6 Oscillography
      7. 10.6.7 Direct writing
    7. 10.7 Electronic imaging systems
      1. 10.7.1 Image tube devices
      2. 10.7.2 Raster scan systems
      3. 10.7.3 Solid state arrays
      4. 10.7.4 The digital image
    8. 10.8 Time based media
    9. 10.9 Transfer to another medium
    10. References and further reading
  19. 11 Image processing, analysis and management
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 Visual image processing
    3. 11.3 Photographic methods
      1. 11.3.1 General
      2. 11.3.2 Contrast filters
      3. 11.3.3 Darkroom routines
    4. 11.4 Masking
      1. 11.4.1 Photographic masks
      2. 11.4.2 Electronic masking
    5. 11.5 Optical image processing
      1. 11.5.1 Fourier transforms
      2. 11.5.2 Coherent image processing
      3. 11.5.3 The Fourier Transform plane
      4. 11.5.4 Spatial filtering and masking
    6. 11.6 Digital image processing
      1. 11.6.1 Introduction
      2. 11.6.2 Image calibration
    7. 11.7 Image enhancement and restoration
      1. 11.7.1 Point processing
      2. 11.7.2 Group processing
    8. 11.8 Geometric transformations
    9. 11.9 Image analysis
    10. 11.10 Image compression
    11. 11.11 Image synthesis
    12. 11.12 Image management
      1. 11.12.1 Introduction
      2. 11.12.2 Image archiving
      3. 11.12.3 Digital image archiving
    13. References and further reading
  20. 12 Close-up photography and photomacrography
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Optical performance
      1. 12.2.1 Imaging requirements
      2. 12.2.2 Optimum aperture
    3. 12.3 Optical systems
      1. 12.3.1 Focusing extension
      2. 12.3.2 Extension tubes and bellows
      3. 12.3.3 Close-up lenses
    4. 12.4 Macro lens designs
      1. 12.4.1 Macro lenses
      2. 12.4.2 Medical macro lenses
      3. 12.4.3 True macro lenses
      4. 12.4.4 Other lenses
    5. 12.5 Practical considerations
    6. 12.6 Depth of field
      1. 12.6.1 Calculations
      2. 12.6.2 Special techniques
    7. 12.7 Illumination and lighting
    8. 12.8 Exposure considerations
    9. References and further reading
  21. 13 Photomicrography
    1. 13.1 Optical microscopy
      1. 13.1.1 Simple microscope
      2. 13.1.2 Compound microscope
    2. 13.2 Resolving power and magnification
      1. 13.2.1 Abbe's theory of the microscope
      2. 13.2.2 Useful magnification
      3. 13.2.3 Magnification
      4. 13.2.4 Depth of field
      5. 13.2.5 Depth of focus
    3. 13.3 Optical systems
      1. 13.3.1 The objective lens
      2. 13.3.2 Reflecting objectives
      3. 13.3.3 Objectives for reflected incident light
      4. 13.3.4 The eyepiece
      5. 13.3.5 The substage condenser
      6. 13.3.6 Calibration of the microscope
    4. 13.4 The photomicroscope
      1. 13.4.1 Camera systems
      2. 13.4.2 Camera exposure in photomicroscopy
      3. 13.4.3 Filters
      4. 13.4.4 Specimen preparation
    5. 13.5 Illumination systems
      1. 13.5.1 Transillumination (bright field)
      2. 13.5.2 Critical illumination
      3. 13.5.3 Köhler illumination
      4. 13.5.4 Dark field illumination
      5. 13.5.6 Rheinberg illumination
      6. 13.5.6 Reflected illumination
    6. 13.6 Interference contrast microscopy
      1. 13.6.1 Interference microscopes
      2. 13.6.2 Phase contrast
      3. 13.6.3 Differential interference contrast
    7. 13.7 Polarized light microscopy
    8. 13.8 Confocal microscopy
    9. 13.9 Fluorescence microscopy
    10. 13.10 Ultraviolet microscopy
    11. 13.11 Infrared microscopy
    12. 13.12 Electron microscopy
      1. 13.12.1 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
      2. 13.12.2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
    13. 13.13 X-ray microscopy
    14. 13.14 Scanning probe microscopy
    15. 13.15 Image enhancement
    16. References and further reading
  22. 14 Micro-imaging
    1. 14.1 Introduction
    2. 14.2 Terminology and units
    3. 14.3 Historical
    4. 14.4 Resolving power
    5. 14.5 Depth of focus
    6. 14.6 Lenses for micro-imaging
    7. 14.7 Microlithography
    8. 14.8 Microdocumentation
    9. 14.9 Digital micrographics
    10. References and further reading
  23. 15 Photofabrication
    1. 15.1 Introduction
    2. 15.2 Applications
    3. 15.3 Advantages
    4. 15.4 The photomaster
    5. 15.5 Artwork preparation
    6. 15.6 Camera techniques
    7. 15.7 Illumination of the copyboard
    8. 15.8 Process lens
    9. 15.9 Accurate size images
    10. 15.10 Photoresists
    11. 15.11 Contemporary applications
    12. References and further reading
  24. 16 Stereoscopic (3D) photography
    1. 16.1 Visual perception of space
    2. 16.2 Stereoscopic photography
    3. 16.3 Orthostereoscopy
    4. 16.4 Stereoscopic camera systems
    5. 16.5 Stereoscopic cine camera systems
    6. 16.6 Stereoscopic video systems
    7. 16.7 Autostereoscopic systems
    8. 16.8 Mounting stereograms
    9. 16.9 Stereoscopic projection
    10. 16.10 Stereoscopic viewing systems
    11. 16.11 Stereophotomicrography
    12. References and further reading
  25. 17 Photogrammetry
    1. 17.1 Introduction
    2. 17.2 Planimetric survey techniques
    3. 17.3 Optical principles
    4. 17.4 Monophotogrammetry: the geometry of a single photograph
      1. 17.4.1 The datum plane
      2. 17.4.2 Photoradiation
      3. 17.4.3 Direction angles
      4. 17.4.4 Tilt and rectification
      5. 17.4.5 Radial distances
      6. 17.4.6 Shadow lengths
    5. 17.5 The geometry of two overlapping photographs
    6. 17.5 Stereophotogrammetry: the geometry of a stereopair of images
    7. 17.6 Lens distortion
      1. 17.6.1 Types of distortion
      2. 17.6.2 Calibrated focal length
    8. 17.7 The metric camera
    9. 17.8 Camera calibration
    10. 17.9 Stereo plotters
    11. 17.10 Errors and accuracy
    12. 17.11 Non-topographic stereophotogrammetry
    13. 17.12 Digital photogrammetry
    14. 17.13 Perspective grid photography
    15. 17.14 Moiré interferometry
    16. 17.15 Orthophotography using telecentric optics
    17. 17.16 Miscellaneous methods
    18. 17.17 Computer assisted methods
    19. References and further reading
  26. 18 Aerial photography
    1. 18.1 Introduction
    2. 18.2 Types of aerial photography
    3. 18.3 Aerial platforms
    4. 18.4 Camera types and systems
      1. 18.4.1 Camera systems
      2. 18.4.2 Handheld cameras
      3. 18.4.3 Mapping cameras
      4. 18.4.4 Reconnaissance cameras
      5. 18.4.5 Electronic imaging systems
      6. 18.4.6 Small format aerial photography
    5. 18.5 Optics and lenses
      1. 18.5.1 Environmental optics
      2. 18.5.2 Lenses
      3. 18.5.3 System performance
    6. 18.6 Resolution requirements
      1. 18.6.1 System resolution
      2. 18.6.2 Image motion compensation
    7. 18.7 Recording systems
      1. 18.7.1 Aerial film materials
      2. 18.7.2 Exposure
      3. 18.7.3 Film processing
      4. 18.7.4 Electronic sensors
    8. 18.8 Vertical aerial photography
      1. 18.8.1 Photographic cover
      2. 18.8.2 Imaging parameters
      3. 18.8.3 Planimetric data
      4. 18.8.4 Relief effects
      5. 18.8.5 Measurement of parallax
      6. 18.8.6 Orientation
      7. 18.8.7 Orthophotos
    9. References and further reading
  27. 19 Remote sensing
    1. 19.1 Introduction
      1. 19.1.1 Principles
      2. 19.1.2 Applications
    2. 19.2 Resolution
      1. 19.2.1 Introduction
      2. 19.2.2 Spatial resolution
      3. 19.2.3 Spectral resolution
      4. 19.2.4 Radiometric resolution
    3. 19.3 Aerial platforms
      1. 19.3.1 Aircraft
      2. 19.3.2 Unmanned aerial vehicles
    4. 19.4 Satellite systems
      1. 19.4.1 Satellites
      2. 19.4.2 Orbits
      3. 19.4.3 Detection
    5. 19.5 Photography and video systems
    6. 19.6 Multispectral photography and imaging
      1. 19.6.1 Spectral separation
      2. 19.6.2 Camera systems
      3. 19.6.3 Imagers
      4. 19.6.4 Other systems
    7. 19.7 Thermal imagers
    8. 19.8 Microwave systems
      1. 19.8.1 Principles
      2. 19.8.2 Side looking airborne radar
      3. 19.8.3 Synthetic aperture radar
    9. 19.9 Laser systems
    10. References and further reading
  28. 20 Infrared recording
    1. 20.1 Introduction
    2. 20.2 Spectral properties
      1. 20.2.1 Emission
      2. 20.2.2 Transmission
      3. 20.2.3 Reflection
    3. 20.3 Infrared sources
    4. 20.4 Infrared optics and lenses
      1. 20.4.1 Refractive systems
      2. 20.4.2 IR focus correction
      3. 20.4.3 Reflective optics
      4. 20.4.4 Filters
    5. 20.5 Infrared sensitive materials and sensors
      1. 20.5.1 Silver halide systems
      2. 20.5.2 Electronic imaging
    6. 20.6 Lighting
    7. References and further reading
  29. 21 Imaging systems
    1. 21.1 Thermal imaging
      1. 21.1.1 Introduction
      2. 21.1.2 Infrared radiation
      3. 21.1.3 Thermal detectors
      4. 21.1.4 Thermal imagers
      5. 21.1.5 Optical systems
      6. 21.1.6 General applications
      7. 21.1.7 Biomedical applications
    2. 21.2 Computerized tomography
      1. 21.2.1 Introduction
      2. 21.2.2 Tomography
    3. 21.3 Nuclear medicine
    4. 21.4 Magnetic resonance imaging
      1. 21.4.1 Principles
      2. 21.4.2 Differentiation of tissues
      3. 21.4.3 MRI scanner design
      4. 21.4.4 Image slices
    5. 21.5 Ultrasound imaging
      1. 21.5.1 Introduction
      2. 21.5.2 Scanning techniques
    6. 21.6 Image reconstruction
    7. References and further reading
  30. 22 Ultraviolet recording
    1. 22.1 Introduction
    2. 22.2 Spectral properties
      1. 22.2.1 Biological effects
      2. 22.2.2 Spectral transmission
    3. 22.3 UV Filters
    4. 22.4 Sources of UV
    5. 22.5 Measurement of UV
    6. 22.6 UV optics and lenses
      1. 22.6.1 Spectral properties
      2. 22.6.2 Achromatization
      3. 22.6.3 Contemporary designs
    7. 22.7 UV sensitive detectors
      1. 22.7.1 Silver halide materials
      2. 22.7.2 Other detectors
    8. 22.8 UV reflectance recording
    9. 22.9 UV fluorescence recording
      1. 22.9.1 Fluorescence
      2. 22.9.2 Applications
    10. References and further reading
  31. 23 Radiography
    1. 23.1 Introduction
    2. 23.2 Nature and origins
    3. 23.3 Half-life of radiations
    4. 23.4 Radiation hazards
    5. 23.5 Short wavelength EM radiation
    6. 23.6 Gamma rays
    7. 23.7 X-rays
    8. 23.8 X-rays – a chronology
    9. 23.9 X-ray properties
    10. 23.10 Geometry of radiography
    11. 23.11 Radiographic exposure
    12. 23.12 Fluoroscopy and fluorography
    13. 23.13 Detection of X-rays
    14. 23.14 Stereoradiography
    15. 23.15 Microradiography
    16. 23.16 Autoradiography
    17. 23.17 Flash radiography
    18. 23.18 X-ray optics
    19. 23.19 Digital radiology
    20. 23.20 Nuclear track recording
    21. References and further reading
  32. 24 Photographic visualization
    1. 24.1 Introduction
    2. 24.2 Shadowgraphs
    3. 24.3 Time lapse recording
      1. 24.3.1 Time relationships
      2. 24.3.2 Time lapse cine
      3. 24.3.3 Time lapse video
      4. 24.3.4 Time lapse photography
    4. 24.4 Study of motion
      1. 24.4.1 Progress photography
      2. 24.4.2 Time exposures
      3. 24.4.3 Chronocyclography
      4. 24.4.4 Stroboscopy
    5. 24.5 Flow visualization
      1. 24.5.1 Tracers
      2. 24.5.2 Addition of energy
      3. 24.5.3 Changes of density
    6. 24.6 Schlieren systems
      1. 24.6.1 Toepler schlieren methods
      2. 24.6.2 Theoretical considerations
      3. 24.6.3 Schlieren system variations
    7. 24.7 Stress analysis
      1. 24.7.1 Photoelastic systems
      2. 24.7.2 Thermal systems
    8. 24.8 Kirlian photography
    9. References and further reading
  33. 25 High speed photography and photonics
    1. 25.1 Introduction
      1. 25.1.1 Motion studies
      2. 25.1.2 Early achievements
    2. 25.2 Nature of the event
      1. 25.2.1 Temporal sampling
      2. 25.2.2 Type of record
      3. 25.2.3 Exposure duration
    3. 25.3 HSP with conventional equipment
    4. 25.4 Equations of motion
    5. 25.5 Synchronization and triggering
    6. 25.6 High speed shutters
    7. 25.7 Light and radiation sources
      1. 25.7.1 Conventional sources
      2. 25.7.2 Electronic flash
      3. 25.7.3 Stroboscopes
      4. 25.7.4 Spark sources
      5. 25.7.5 The argon bomb source
      6. 25.7.6 Arc and discharge sources
      7. 25.7.7 Laser sources
      8. 25.7.8 X-ray sources
    8. 25.8 Streak photography
    9. 25.9 Intermittent action cameras
    10. 25.10 Rotating prism cameras
    11. 25.11 Rotating mirror cameras
    12. 25.12 Drum cameras
    13. 25.13 Electro-optical systems
      1. 25.13.1 Image tube cameras
      2. 25.13.2 Streak operation
      3. 25.13.3 Still video systems
    14. 25.14 High speed video recording systems
    15. 25.15 Film and video analysis
    16. 25.16 Applications
      1. 25.16.1 Ballistics and detonics
    17. References
    18. Further reading
  34. 26 Surveillance systems
    1. 26.1 Introduction
    2. 26.2 Identification systems
    3. 26.3 Traffic surveillance
    4. 26.4 Data transmission
    5. 26.5 Time lapse systems
    6. 26.6 Triggering systems
    7. 26.7 Surveillance cameras
    8. 26.8 Infrared surveillance
    9. 26.9 Optical systems
    10. 26.10 Specialist systems
    11. References and further reading
  35. 27 Low light level imaging
    1. 27.1 Introduction
    2. 27.2 Detective quantum efficiency
    3. 27.3 Spectral and temporal considerations
    4. 27.4 Light losses in imaging
    5. 27.5 Photographic materials
    6. 27.6 Low intensity reciprocity law failure
    7. 27.7 Cine systems
    8. 27.8 Video systems
    9. 27.9 Image intensifier systems
    10. 27.10 Image converters
    11. 27.11 Micro-channel plate intensifiers
    12. 27.12 Gated systems
    13. 27.13 Photon counting imagers
    14. 27.14 Cooled slow scan cameras
    15. 27.15 Optical image coupling
    16. References and further reading
  36. 28 Telephotography
    1. 28.1 Introduction
    2. 28.2 Imaging considerations
      1. 28.2.1 Resolution
      2. 28.2.2 Image stabilization
      3. 28.2.3 Other factors
    3. 28.3 Optical systems
      1. 28.3.1 Dioptric lenses
      2. 28.3.2 Teleconverters
      3. 28.3.3 Catadioptric lenses
    4. 28.4 Applications
      1. 28.4.1 Optical tracking
      2. 28.4.2 Long range oblique photography
    5. References and further reading
  37. 29 Cavity and endoscopic systems
    1. 29.1 Introduction
    2. 29.2 Cavity photography
    3. 29.3 Ringlights
    4. 29.4 Tubes and pipelines
    5. 29.5 Periscopic systems (borescopes)
    6. 29.6 Fibre optic endoscopes
    7. 29.7 Light guides
    8. 29.8 Electronic (video) endoscopy
    9. 29.9 Stereoendoscopy
    10. 29.10 The retinal camera
    11. References and further reading
  38. 30 Underwater photography
    1. 30.1 Environmental considerations
      1. 30.1.1 Introduction
      2. 30.1.2 Refraction
      3. 30.1.3 Absorption
      4. 30.1.4 Turbidity
    2. 30.2 Underwater optics
      1. 30.2.1 Field of view
      2. 30.2.2 Distortion
    3. 30.3 Corrective optical systems
      1. 30.3.1 Dome port
      2. 30.3.2 Ivanoff corrector
      3. 30.3.3 Retrofocus systems
    4. 30.4 Water contact lenses
    5. 30.5 Lighting
    6. 30.6 Camera systems
    7. 30.7 Underwater imaging systems
    8. References and further reading
  39. 31 Panoramic photography
    1. 31.1 Introduction
    2. 31.2 Wide angle camera systems
    3. 31.3 Camera movements
    4. 31.4 Rotation of camera
    5. 31.5 Swing lens camera (short rotation)
    6. 31.6 Rotating cameras
    7. 31.7 Rotating prism cameras
    8. 31.8 Anamorphic systems
    9. 31.9 Digital methods
    10. References and further reading
  40. 32 Peripheral photography
    1. 32.1 Introduction
    2. 32.2 Practical systems
    3. 32.3 Variations
    4. 32.4 Applications
    5. References and further reading
  41. 33 Fisheye lens photography
    1. 33.1 Imaging requirements
    2. 33.2 Design development
    3. 33.3 Design features
    4. References and further reading
  42. 34 Holography
    1. 34.1 Outline theory
      1. 34.1.1 Wavefront reconstruction
      2. 34.1.2 Mathematical outline
      3. 34.1.3 Fringe patterns
      4. 34.1.4 Hologram properties
    2. 34.2 Holographic techniques
      1. 34.2.1 Illumination system
      2. 34.2.2 Recording requirements
    3. 34.3 Applications of holography
    4. References and further reading
  43. Index

Product information

  • Title: Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging
  • Author(s): Sidney Ray
  • Release date: August 1999
  • Publisher(s): Routledge
  • ISBN: 9781136094378