Security and Usability

Chapter Thirty Four. Why Johnny Can’t Encrypt

A Usability Evaluation of PGP 5.0 Alma Whitten and J. D. Tygar

USER ERRORS CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO MOST COMPUTER SECURITY FAILURES, yet user interfaces for security still tend to be clumsy, confusing, or near nonexistent. Is this simply because of a failure to apply standard user interface design techniques to security? We argue that, on the contrary, effective security requires a different usability standard, and that it will not be achieved through the user interface design techniques appropriate to other types of consumer software.^[1]

To test this hypothesis, we performed a case study of a security program that does have a good user interface by general standards: PGP 5.0. Our case study used a cognitive walkthrough analysis together with a laboratory user test to evaluate whether PGP 5.0 can be used successfully by cryptography novices to achieve effective electronic mail security. The analysis found a number of user interface design flaws that may contribute to security failures, and the user test demonstrated that when our test participants were given 90 minutes in which to sign and encrypt a message using PGP 5.0, the majority of them were unable to do so successfully.

We conclude that PGP 5.0 is not usable enough to provide effective security for most computer users, despite its attractive graphical user interface, supporting our hypothesis that user interface design for effective security remains an open problem. We close with a ...