book

Separation Process Engineering: Includes Mass Transfer Analysis, 4th Edition

Name: Separation Process Engineering: Includes Mass Transfer Analysis, 4th Edition
Author: Phillip C. Wankat
ISBN: 9780133443714

by Phillip C. Wankat

August 2016

Intermediate to advanced

1152 pages

38h 14m

English

Pearson

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Cover Page
About This E-Book
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Nomenclature
Chapters 1 through 16GreekChapter 17GreekChapter 18Greek lettersChapter 19Greek letters

Chapter 1. Introduction to Separation Process Engineering
1.0 Summary—Objectives1.1 Importance of Separations1.2 Concept of Equilibrium1.3 Mass Transfer Concepts1.4 Problem-Solving MethodsProblem-Solving Heuristics1.5 Units1.6 Computers and Computer Simulations1.7 Prerequisite Material1.8 Other Resources on Separation Process EngineeringReferencesHomework
Chapter 2. Flash Distillation
2.0 Summary—Objectives2.1 Basic Method of Flash Distillation2.2 Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data2.3 Graphical Representation of Binary VLE2.4 Binary Flash Distillation2.4.1 Sequential Solution Procedure2.4.2 Simultaneous Solution Procedure2.4.3 Simultaneous Solution and Enthalpy-Composition Diagram2.5 Multicomponent VLE2.6 Multicomponent Flash Distillation2.7 Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence2.8 Three-Phase Flash Calculations2.9 Size Calculation2.10 Using Existing Flash DrumsReferencesHomeworkChapter 2. Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash DistillationChapter 2 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation2.B.1 Binary Flash Distillation with Excel2.B.2 Multicomponent Flash Distillation with Excel
Chapter 3. Introduction to Column Distillation
3.0 Summary—Objectives3.1 Developing a Distillation Cascade3.2 Distillation Equipment3.3 Specifications3.4 External Column BalancesReferencesHomework
Chapter 4. Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances
4.0 Summary—Objectives4.1 Internal Balances4.2 Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods4.3 Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method4.4 Feed Line4.5 Complete McCabe-Thiele Method4.6 Profiles for Binary Distillation4.7 Open Steam Heating4.8 General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure4.9 Other Distillation Column Situations4.9.1 Partial Condensers4.9.2 Total Reboilers4.9.3 Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines4.9.4 Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers4.9.5 Stripping and Enriching Columns4.10 Limiting Operating Conditions4.11 Efficiencies4.12 Simulation Problems4.13 New Uses for Old Columns4.14 Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup4.15 Comparisons Between Analytical and Graphical MethodsReferencesHomeworkChapter 4 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary DistillationChapter 4 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Binary Distillation
Chapter 5. Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation
5.0 Summary—Objectives5.1 Calculational Difficulties5.2 Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation5.3 Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMOReferencesHomeworkChapter 5 Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary DistillationChapter 5 Appendix B. Automated Spreadsheet with VBA for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation
Chapter 6. Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation
6.0 Summary—Objectives6.1 Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation6.2 Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form6.3 Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures6.4 Temperature Convergence6.5 Energy Balances in Matrix Form6.6 Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method6.7 DiscussionReferencesHomeworkChapter 6 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation
Chapter 7. Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation
7.0 Summary—Objectives7.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation7.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations7.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux RatiosReferencesHomework
Chapter 8. Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods
8.0 Summary—Objectives8.1 Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators8.2 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes8.2.1 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Single-Column System8.2.2 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Two-Column System8.2.3 Drying Organic Compounds That Are Partially Miscible with Water8.3 Steam Distillation8.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes8.5 Complex Ternary Distillation Systems8.5.1 Distillation Curves8.5.2 Residue Curves8.6 Extractive Distillation8.7 Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent8.8 Distillation with Chemical ReactionReferencesHomeworkChapter 8 Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation SystemsChapter 8 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Residue Curve Generation
Chapter 9. Batch Distillation
9.0 Summary—Objectives9.1 Introduction to Batch Distillation9.2 Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation9.2.1 Mixed Distillate Product9.2.2 Distillate Product Fractions9.3 Simple Binary Batch Distillation9.4 Constant-Mole Batch Distillation9.5 Batch Steam Distillation9.6 Multistage Binary Batch Distillation9.6.1 Constant Reflux Ratio9.6.2 Variable Reflux Ratio9.7 Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation9.8 Operating TimeReferencesHomeworkChapter 9 Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation, Constant Relative Volatility
Chapter 10. Staged and Packed Column Design
10.0 Summary—Objectives10.1 Staged Column Equipment Description10.1.1 Trays, Downcomers, and Weirs10.1.2 Inlets and Outlets10.2 Tray Efficiencies10.3 Column Diameter Calculations10.4 Balancing Calculated Diameters10.5 Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics10.6 Valve Tray Design10.7 Introduction to Packed Column Design10.8 Packings and Packed Column Internals10.9 Height of Packing: HETP Method10.10 Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation10.11 Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns10.12 Choice of Column TypeReferencesHomeworkChapter 10 Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator
Chapter 11. Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation
11.0 Summary—Objectives11.1 Equipment Costs11.2 Basic Heat Exchanger Design11.3 Design and Operating Effects on Costs11.4 Changes in Plant Operating Rates11.5 Energy Conservation in Distillation11.6 Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation11.7 Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary SystemsReferencesHomework
Chapter 12. Absorption and Stripping
12.0 Summary—Objectives12.1 Absorption and Stripping Equilibria12.2 McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption12.3 Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems12.4 Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation12.5 Efficiencies12.6 McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems12.7 Column Diameter12.8 Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers12.9 Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers12.10 Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent CascadesReferencesHomeworkChapter 12 Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping
Chapter 13. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
13.0 Summary—Objectives13.1 Extraction Processes and Equipment13.2 Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction13.2.1 McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Systems13.2.2 Kremser Method for Dilute Systems13.3 Dilute Fractional Extraction13.4 Immiscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction13.5 Concentrated Immiscible Extraction13.6 Immiscible Batch Extraction13.7 Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems13.8 Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule13.9 Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Systems13.10 Countercurrent Extraction Cascades for Partially Miscible Systems13.10.1 External Mass Balances13.10.2 Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations13.10.3 Complete Partially Miscible Extraction Problem13.11 Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems13.12 Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems13.13 Extraction Computer Simulations13.14 Design of Mixer-Settlers13.14.1 Mixer Design13.14.2 Settler (Decanter) DesignReferencesHomeworkChapter 13 Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction
Chapter 14. Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction
14.0 Summary—Objectives14.1 Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures14.2 Washing14.3 Leaching with Constant Flow Rates14.4 Leaching with Variable Flow Rates14.5 Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction14.6 Application of McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Methods to Other SeparationsReferencesHomework
Chapter 15. Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer
15.0 Summary–Objectives15.1 Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer15.2 Fickian Model of Diffusivity15.2.1 Fick’s Law and the Fickian Definition of Diffusivity15.2.2 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances without Convection15.2.3 Unsteady Binary Fickian Diffusion with No Convection (Optional)15.2.4 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances with Convection15.3 Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities15.3.1 Fickian Binary Gas Diffusivities15.3.2 Fickian Binary Liquid Diffusivities15.3.3 Numerical Solution with Variable Binary Diffusivity15.4 Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems15.4.1 Film Theory for Dilute and Equimolar Transfer Systems15.4.2 Transfer through Stagnant Films: Absorbers and Strippers15.4.3 Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects15.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients15.5.1 Dimensionless Groups15.5.2 Theoretically Derived Mass Transfer Correlations15.5.3 Semi-Empirical and Empirical Mass Transfer Coefficient Correlations15.5.4 Correlations Based on Analogies15.6 Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model15.7 Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer15.7.1 Introductory Development of the Maxwell-Stefan Theory of Diffusion15.7.2 Maxwell-Stefan Equations for Binary Nonideal Systems15.7.3 Determining Independent Fluxes Nj,z15.7.4 Maxwell-Stefan Difference Equation Formulations15.7.5 Relationship between Maxwell-Stefan and Fickian Diffusivities15.7.6 Ideal Ternary Systems15.7.7 Ternary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects15.7.8 Nonideal Ternary Systems15.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer ModelsReferencesHomeworkChapter 15 Appendix. Spreadsheets Examples 15-10 and 15-11
Chapter 16. Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction
16.0 Summary—Objectives16.1 HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns16.2 Relationship of HETP and HTU16.3 Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers16.3.1 Bolles and Fair Correlation for Random Packings16.3.2 Simple Correlations for Random Packings16.4 HTU-NTU Analysis of Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers16.5 HTU-NTU Analysis of CoCurrent Absorbers16.6 Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency16.7 Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction16.7.1 Extraction Mass Transfer Equations and HTU-NTU Analysis16.7.2 Calculation of Stage Efficiency in Extraction Mixers16.7.3 Drop Size in Mixers16.7.4 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Mixers16.8 Rate-Based Analysis of DistillationReferencesHomeworkChapter 16 Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation
Chapter 17. Crystallization from Solution
17.0 Summary–Objectives17.1 Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution17.1.1 Crystallization Process17.1.2 Binary Equilibrium and Crystallizer Types17.2 Continuous Cooling Crystallizers17.2.1 Equilibrium and Mass Balances for Single Solute Producing Pure Solute Crystals17.2.2 Eutectic Systems17.3 Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers17.3.1 Equipment17.3.2 Analysis of Evaporative Crystallizers for Single-Solute Systems Producing Pure Solute Crystals17.3.3 Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations17.4 Sieve Analysis17.5 Introduction to Population Balances17.6 Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers17.6.1 Crystal Nucleation and Growth17.6.2 Development of MSMPR Equation and Determination of G and no from Experiment17.6.3 Development and Application of Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers17.7 Seeding17.7.1 CSD Analysis for Growth on Seeds in Continuous Crystallizers17.7.2 Controlling Crystal Size by Seeding17.8 Batch and Semibatch Crystallization17.8.1 Temperature Control for Batch Cooling Crystallizers17.8.2 Antisolvent Crystallization17.9 Precipitation17.9.1 Precipitation by Antisolvent Addition17.9.2 Precipitation by Salting OutReferencesHomeworkChapter 17 Appendix. Spreadsheets
Chapter 18. Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes
18.0 Summary—Objectives18.1 Membrane Separation Equipment18.2 Membrane Concepts18.3 Gas Permeation18.3.1 Gas Permeation of Binary Mixtures18.3.2 Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems18.3.3 Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems18.3.4 Effect of Holes in Membrane18.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO)18.4.1 Analysis of Osmosis18.4.2 Analysis of Reverse Osmosis18.4.3 RO in Well-Mixed Modules18.4.4 Mass Transfer Analysis of Concentration Polarization18.5 Ultrafiltration (UF)18.6 Pervaporation (Pervap)18.6.1 Pervap Basics18.6.2 Pervap Design Using Experimental Data18.6.3 Theoretical Design of Pervap Systems18.7 Bulk Flow Pattern Effects18.7.1 Binary Crossflow Permeation18.7.2 Binary Cocurrent and Countercurrent PermeationReferencesHomeworkChapter 18 Appendix. Spreadsheet for Crossflow Gas Permeation
Chapter 19. Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
19.0 Summary—Objectives19.1 Sorbents and Sorption Equilibrium19.1.1 Definitions19.1.2 Sorbent Types19.1.3 Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior19.2 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography19.2.1 Movement of Solute in a Column19.2.2 Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms19.2.3 Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles and Elution Chromatography19.3 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds19.3.1 Temperature Swing Adsorption19.3.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption19.3.3 Simulated Moving Beds19.4 Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis19.4.1 Diffuse Waves19.4.2 Shock Waves19.5 Ion Exchange19.5.1 Ion Exchange Equilibrium19.5.2 Movement of Ions19.6 Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds19.6.1 Mass Transfer and Diffusion19.6.2 Column Mass Balances19.6.3 Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer19.6.4 Energy Balances and Heat Transfer19.6.5 Derivation of Solute Movement Theory19.6.6 Detailed Simulators19.7 Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems19.7.1 Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion19.7.2 Superposition in Linear Systems19.7.3 Linear Chromatography
19.8 LUB Approach for Nonlinear Sorption Systems
19.9 Checklist for Practical Design and OperationReferencesHomeworkChapter 19 Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator
Appendix A. Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations
Appendix B. Instructions for Fitting VLE and LLE Data with Aspen Plus
Reference
Appendix C. Unit Conversions and Physical Constants
Unit ConversionsIdeal Gas ValuesUseful Physical Constants
Appendix D. Data Locations
Answers to Selected Problems
Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Chapter 10Chapter 11Chapter 12Chapter 13Chapter 14Chapter 15Chapter 16Chapter 17Chapter 18Chapter 19
Index
Code Snippets

Overview

The Definitive, Up-to-Date, Student-Friendly Guide to Separation Process Engineering—With More Mass Transfer Coverage and a New Chapter on Crystallization

Separation Process Engineering, Fourth Edition, is the most comprehensive, accessible guide available on modern separation processes and the fundamentals of mass transfer. In this completely updated edition, Phillip C. Wankat teaches each key concept through detailed, realistic examples using real data—including up-to-date simulation practice and spreadsheet-based exercises.

Wankat thoroughly covers each separation process, including flash, column, and batch distillation; exact calculations and shortcut methods for multicomponent distillation; staged and packed column design; absorption; stripping; and more. This edition provides expanded coverage of mass transfer and diffusion, so faculty can cover separations and mass transfer in one course.

Detailed discussions of liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, chromatography, and ion exchange prepare students for advanced work. Wankat presents coverage of membrane separations, including gas permeation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, and applications. An updated chapter on economics and energy conservation in distillation adds coverage of equipment costs.

This edition contains more than 300 new, up-to-date homework problems, extensively tested in undergraduate courses at Purdue University and the University of Canterbury (New Zealand).

Coverage includes

New chapter on crystallization from solution, including equilibrium, chemical purity, crystal size distribution, and pharmaceutical applications
Thirteen up-to-date Aspen Plus process simulation labs, adaptable to any simulator
Eight detailed Aspen Chromatography labs
Extensive new coverage of ternary stage-by-stage distillation calculations
Fraction collection and multicomponent calculations for simple batch distillation
New mass transfer analysis sections on numerical solution for variable diffusivity
Mass transfer to expanding or contracting objects, including ternary mass transfer
Expanded coverage of pervaporation
Updated Excel spreadsheets offering more practice with distillation, diffusion, mass transfer, and membrane separation problems

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