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## 5.4. Advanced Models with Training Effect

In this section, the 1D SMA model, proposed by Auricchio et al.58 is presented. With the aim of providing a simple and effective formulation for modeling the pseudoelastic behavior, as well as the shape-memory effect, the analysis is herein restricted to the case of temperature higher than Ms. Thus, only austenite—single-variant martensite A  S and single-variant austenite phase S  A transformations are considered.23 The austenite and the single variant martensite volume fractions are denoted as ξA and ξd, respectively. Because it is ξA + ξd = 1, it results:

$ξA=1−ξd$

(5.20)

In the following formulation, the ...

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