3.4Trapezoidal Integration

Of the numerical integrators, the Euler integrators are the simplest to implement. However, for a given integration step size they are also the least accurate. This is not necessarily a reason to choose another integrator since any desired level of accuracy is achievable with Euler integrators (in principle) simply by reducing the step size and performing additional calculations. Indeed, the simplicity of Euler integration is responsible for its widespread use in far ranging applications.

There may be circumstances which dictate the integration step size in a simulation study and thus compel the developer to consider other methods for approximating the dynamics of a continuous system. Accordingly, we shall investigate ...

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