book

Special Edition Using MS-DOS® 6.22, Third Edition

Name: Special Edition Using MS-DOS® 6.22, Third Edition
Author: Jim Cooper
ISBN: 9780789725738

by Jim Cooper

June 2001

Intermediate to advanced

1056 pages

25h 6m

English

Que

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INTRODUCTION
Who Should Read This Book?What Hardware Do You Need?What Versions Are Covered?What Is Not Covered?How Is This Book Organized?Part I: DOS FundamentalsPart II: Files and DirectoriesPart III: Controlling DOSPart IV: Maximizing DOSAppendixesConventions Used in This Book
I. DOS Fundamentals
1. DOS and the Personal Computer
DOS, Windows, and the PCOther Flavors of DOSPC HardwareThe PC ArchitectureComputer MemoryPeripheral DevicesWhat Happens When the Power Is Turned On?DOS and Random Access MemoryConventional MemoryExpanded MemoryExtended MemoryDOS and Disks
2. Starting DOS
Booting Your ComputerUnderstanding the Boot DiskCreating a Floppy Boot DiskSystem ConfigurationCONFIG.SYSAUTOEXEC.BATCreating Multiple ConfigurationsCreating a Default ConfigurationDisplaying Color MenusUsing the Configuration Menu As a System MenuProject: Controlling the Boot Process
3. Using DOS Commands
Understanding Dos CommandsInternal Versus ExternalUnderstanding the Elements of a DOS CommandThe Command SyntaxThe Command-Line ParametersThe Optional SwitchesGetting HelpUsing the Command-Line Help SwitchUsing the Online Help SystemNavigating the Help SystemPrinting a TopicSearching for a TopicExiting the Help SystemIssuing DOS CommandsEditing and Canceling CommandsUsing Scroll ControlUsing Wildcards in DOS CommandsTroubleshooting
4. Using the DOS Shell
What Is the DOS Shell?Starting the DOS ShellUsing the Shell InterfaceSelecting an AreaMoving Around an AreaUsing the DOS Shell MenusUsing the Menu BarUsing Pull-Down MenusUsing Keystroke CommandsUsing Dialog BoxesUsing a Text BoxUsing a List BoxUsing Option ButtonsUsing Option Check BoxesUsing Command ButtonsModifying the ViewLogging On to a Different DiskSwitching Between Dual and Single File ListsDisplaying All FilesSwitching Between the Program List and the Program/File ListsUsing the Shell Screen ModesUsing the Program ListWorking with Program GroupsAdding a Program GroupModifying Program Group PropertiesDeleting a Program GroupChanging the Order of a Group's ListingsWorking with Program ItemsAdding a Program ItemModifying Program ItemsDeleting a Program ItemUsing Shortcut KeysWorking with DirectoriesExpanding and Collapsing BranchesCreating DirectoriesWorking with FilesSelecting a Single FileSelecting Multiple FilesSelecting All FilesDeselecting All FilesSelecting Files Across DirectoriesCopying Files in the ShellMoving a File in the ShellUsing the Shell to View a FileAssociating Files with ProgramsUsing the Task SwapperProject: Using the Help System
II. Files and Directories

5. Understanding Files and Directories
Introducing the DOS File SystemUnderstanding FilesUnderstanding FilenamesCreating FilenamesAvoiding Reserved NamesObserving File-Naming ConventionsUnderstanding File AttributesChanging File Attributes with the ATTRIB CommandEstablishing Read-Only FilesUnderstanding the Role of DirectoriesExpanding the File System Through SubdirectoriesUnderstanding Pathname ExpressionsCreating Directories with MKDIR (MD)Changing the Current Directory with CHDIR (CD)Deleting Directories with RMDIR (RD)Using DELTREE to Delete DirectoriesRenaming DirectoriesHelping DOS Find Files with PATHListing Directories with TREEUsing a Temporary DirectoryTroubleshooting
6. Understanding Disks and Disk Drives
Understanding the Disk's Magnetic Storage TechniqueUnderstanding Disk DrivesHard Disk DrivesFloppy Disk DrivesWrite-Protecting a Floppy DiskUnderstanding the Dynamics of the Disk DriveDisk Drive HeadsDisk TracksDisk CylindersDisk SectorsUnderstanding Disk FormatsFloppy Disk FormatsRaw Capacity and Usable CapacityHard Disk Drive FormatsUnderstanding DoubleSpaceInstalling DoubleSpaceControlling the Operation of DoubleSpaceDisplaying Compressed Drive InformationChanging the Size of a Compressed DriveChanging the Compression RatioFormatting a Compressed DriveDeleting a Compressed DriveCreating a New Compressed DriveUsing Other DoubleSpace FeaturesCase Study: Adjusting for Drift
7. Preparing and Maintaining Disks
Understanding Disk PreparationPreparing Floppy Disks with the FORMAT CommandFormatting Floppy DisksFORMAT's Other TasksUsing FORMAT's SwitchesPerforming a Quick Format (/Q)Performing an Unconditional Format (/U)Adding System Files (/S)Preparing the Hard DiskDividing a Hard Disk with FDISKChecking Partition StatusPartitioning a DriveFormatting a Hard DiskDisk CommandsNaming Disks with LABELExamining Volume Labels with VOLUsing SYS to Transfer the DOS SystemGetting the Most Speed from Your Hard DiskUsing a Disk Cache (SMARTDrive)Using FASTOPENUsing a RAM DiskDefragmenting Your DiskUnderstanding the Effects of FragmentationUnderstanding the Basic Operation of DEFRAGGetting the Most Space from Your Hard DiskDeleting Unnecessary FilesUsing File CompressionArchiving FilesProjectsAnalyzing a Disk with CHKDSKAnalyzing a Disk with the SCANDISK Utility
8. Managing Your Files
Using DOS to Work with FilesListing Files with the DIR CommandIssuing the DIR CommandUnderstanding the Operation of the DIR CommandDisplaying a Screen of Information with the DIR CommandUsing the Attributes Switch (/A)Using the Order Switch (/O)Using the /B and /L SwitchesSearching for Files with the DIR CommandCustomizing the DIR CommandViewing FilesUnderstanding Types of FilesUsing the TYPE Command to View FilesCopying FilesUsing the COPY CommandCopying Groups of FilesCombining Text FilesRenaming Files with COPYCopying from a Device to a FileUsing the XCOPY CommandUnderstanding the Operation of XCOPYUsing XCOPY EffectivelyDuplicating Disks with XCOPYDuplicating a Directory BranchCopying Entire Disks with DISKCOPYMoving FilesMoving Directories and FilesRenaming Directories with MOVESetting Defaults for COPY, XCOPY, and MOVERenaming FilesComparing FilesComparing Files with FCUnderstanding the Operation of FCUsing FC to Compare a Copied File to Its OriginalComparing Two Text FilesComparing Disks with DISKCOMPDeleting FilesUnderstanding the Delete OperationDeleting Files from the Command LineDeleting Unwanted FilesUsing Interlnk to Share Another Computer's ResourcesSetting Up InterlnkLoading INTERLNK.EXELoading the ServerEstablishing the Interlnk ConnectionUsing Interlnk to Transfer FilesUsing a Remote PrinterInstalling Interlnk RemotelyRunning Programs RemotelyCase Study: Editing Files with Multiple Data Formats
9. Protecting Your Data
Avoiding Data LossUnderstanding Microsoft BackupConfiguring the Backup ProgramsUnderstanding Microsoft Backup FunctionsBackup TypesIssuing the MSBACKUP CommandUsing Microsoft BackupPerforming a Full BackupPerforming a Full Backup with MSBACKUPComparing the Backup to the Original FilesPerforming a Full Backup in Windows 3.xPerforming Intermediate BackupsPerforming an Incremental BackupPerforming a Differential BackupSpecial-Purpose BackupsSelecting Files ManuallyChoosing Files Using Selection CriteriaEditing the Include/Exclude List in MSBACKUPEditing the Include/Exclude List in Microsoft Backup for Windows 3.xUsing Other Backup OptionsRestoring Backup FilesRestoring Files After a Disk FailurePerforming a Selective RestoreUnderstanding Computer VirusesUnderstanding How Viruses SpreadFighting Viruses with Microsoft Anti-VirusUnderstanding ChecklistsListing VirusesUsing the Windows Version of Microsoft Anti-VirusGuarding Against InfectionUnformatting a DiskRecovering from an Accidental FormatRecovering from an Accidental Format Without a MIRROR Image FileRebuilding a Partition TableRecovering Deleted Files with UNDELETEUsing UNDELETE from the Command LineRecovering Files with UNDELETEUsing the DOS Directory to Recover a FileUsing the Microsoft Undelete Program for Windows 3.xConfiguring Microsoft UndeleteSelecting Files to RecoverRecovering FilesUsing Other OptionsProject: Developing a Backup Policy
III. Controlling DOS
10. Working with System Information
Changing the Date and TimeIssuing the DATE CommandIssuing the TIME CommandDisplaying the Version Using the VER CommandSetting the Version Using the SETVER CommandDisplaying Memory StatisticsIssuing the MEM CommandUnderstanding the Operation of MEMLoading a Secondary Command ProcessorIssuing the COMMAND CommandUnderstanding the Operation of COMMAND.COMUsing EXIT to Leave the Current Copy of the Command ProcessorUses for a Secondary Command Processor
11. Controlling Your Environment
Changing DOS VariablesIssuing the SET CommandChanging Environment Variables with SETDefining Your Own Environmental Variables with SETChanging the User InterfaceChanging the Command Prompt with PROMPTIssuing the PROMPT CommandUnderstanding the Use of Meta-StringsAltering the Look of the Screen with modeSelecting the Display TypeShifting the Screen on a Color Graphics AdapterUsing MODE to Adjust the Number of Columns or Lines OnscreenChanging Disk DrivesThe ASSIGN CommandThe JOIN CommandThe SUBST CommandIssuing the SUBST CommandUsing SUBST to Reference a Path with a Drive LetterUnderstanding the General Rules for Using SUBSTUsing the COMSPEC Variable
12. Using Peripherals
Understanding Device DriversUnderstanding Hardware InterruptsUnderstanding Direct Memory Access (DMA) ChannelsUnderstanding Memory Input/Output AddressesSetting Up Device DriversTroubleshooting Device Drivers
13. Controlling Devices
Device CommandsThe CLS CommandThe GRAPHICS CommandIssuing the GRAPHICS CommandUsing GRAPHICS to Print a Screen ImageThe PRINT CommandIssuing the PRINT CommandUsing PRINT to Print Several FilesGeneral Rules for Using PRINTThe CTTY CommandThe MODE CommandUsing MODE to Change Parallel Port SettingsIssuing the MODE CommandUsing MODE to Print a Large FileGeneral Rules for Using MODE to Change Parallel Port SettingsUsing MODE to Change Serial Port SettingsUsing MODE to Set the Serial PortGeneral Rules for Using MODE with Serial PortsUsing MODE to Redirect a Parallel Port to a Serial PortIssuing the MODE Command to Redirect PortsUsing MODE to Redirect PortsGeneral Rules for Using MODE to Redirect PortsUsing MODE to Change the Typematic RateUsing Redirection CommandsIssuing the Redirection OperatorsGeneral Rules for Using RedirectionThe MORE FilterIssuing the MORE FilterUsing MORE to Pause the ScreenGeneral Rules for Using MOREThe FIND FilterIssuing the FIND FilterUsing FIND to Find Files on DiskGeneral Rules for Using FINDThe SORT FilterIssuing the SORT FilterUsing SORT to Sort Subdirectory ListingsGeneral Rules for Using SORT
14. Understanding the International Features of DOS
InternationalizationUnderstanding COUNTRY.SYSUnderstanding KEYB.COMUnderstanding Code Page SwitchingChecking Your Hardware for Code Page SwitchingInstalling Code Page SwitchingUsing DISPLAY.SYSUsing PRINTER.SYSUsing NLSFUNC.EXELoading the Code Page TablesSwitching the Code PageExploring More Uses for MODE and CODEPAGEConsidering Keyboard RemappingsUsing Dead KeysUsing Foreign-Language CommandsInternational Country Codes
IV. Maximizing DOS
15. Using the DOS Editor
Understanding the DOS EditorUses for the DOS EditorFiles Required to Run the DOS EditorUsing the DOS Editor from a Floppy DiskStarting the DOS EditorGetting Acquainted with the Initial Editor ScreenNavigating the DOS EditorUnderstanding the Menu SystemUnderstanding Dialog BoxesUsing Shortcut KeysUsing a MouseMastering Fundamental Editing TechniquesMoving the CursorScrollingInserting Text into a LineDeleting Text from a LineSplitting and Joining LinesInserting and Deleting an Entire LineOvertypingLearning Special Editing TechniquesUsing Automatic IndentUsing TabUsing Place MarkersBlock EditingSelecting TextUnderstanding the ClipboardWorking with Text BlocksSearching and ReplacingUsing the Find CommandUsing the Change CommandManaging FilesIntroducing the File MenuSaving a FileUsing the Save As CommandUsing the Save CommandUsing the Open Command to Load a FileLoading a File When You First Start the DOS EditorUsing the New CommandPrinting a FileExiting the DOS EditorStarting the DOS Editor with Optional SwitchesProject: Customizing the DOS Editor ScreenChanging Colors and Removing ScrollbarsSaving Customized SettingsUsing the Help System
16. Understanding Batch Files
Introducing Batch FilesUnderstanding the Contents of Batch FilesCreating a Simple Batch FileUnderstanding Replaceable ParametersUsing Batch File CommandsDisplaying Messages and Inserting CommentsBranching with GOTOUsing the IF CommandUsing IF to Test ERRORLEVELUsing IF to Compare StringsUsing IF to Look for FilesPausing for Input in a Batch FileMaking a Two-Way ChoiceCreating a Simple MenuCreating a Simple Display MenuUsing FOR..IN..DOUsing a FOR..IN..DO Batch FileUsing FOR..IN..DO at the DOS PromptUsing FOR..IN..DO with Other CommandsMoving Parameters with SHIFTRunning Batch Files from Other Batch FilesShifting Control Permanently to Another Batch FileCalling a Batch File and Returning Using CALLUsing COMMAND.COM to Execute a Batch File
17. Understanding ANSI.SYS
What Is ANSI.SYS?Installing ANSI.SYSUsing ANSI.SYSIssuing ANSI.SYS Codes in Batch FilesIssuing ANSI.SYS Codes in Text FilesIssuing ANSI.SYS Codes with the PROMPT CommandControlling Your Screen with ANSI.SYSCursor MovementCursor PositioningSetting the Screen ModeSetting the Text AttributesScreen ControlCustomizing Your Keyboard with ANSI.SYSReassigning Character KeysANSI Control CodesANSI Set and Reset Display Mode Control CodesANSI Display Color and Attribute Control CodesANSI Cursor Control CodesANSI Miscellaneous Display Control CodesANSI Keyboard Layout Control Codes
18. Mastering DOSKEY and Macros
Using DOSKEYLoading DOSKEYEditing the Command LineReusing CommandsCreating and Using MacrosCreating MacrosRunning MacrosDeleting Macros
19. Configuring Your Computer
Getting the Most from Your Computer ResourcesUnderstanding Device DriversOptimizing Your Computer's MemoryUsing Extended Memory and HIMEM.SYSUnderstanding HIMEM.SYSLoading DOS into High MemoryUsing Expanded Memory and EMM386.EXELoading Device Drivers and TSRs into Upper MemoryDisplaying the Amount of Free and Used MemoryConfiguring Memory with MemMakerUsing Express SetupUsing Custom SetupProviding Memory for Your ApplicationsIncreasing Hard Disk PerformanceFine-Tuning Your Computer with CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BATAccessing Files through FCBSUsing the FILES CommandUsing LASTDRIVE to Change the Number of Disk DrivesUsing the SHELL CommandUsing the INSTALL CommandUsing the REM CommandUsing the SWITCHES CommandTelling DOS When to BreakUsing the DOS Pretender CommandsUsing Other Device Control Commands
20. Networking DOS
Common Networks for DOS-Based ComputersLearning Preinstallation ItemsInstalling the Novell NetWare Client SoftwareInstalling the Microsoft Network ClientUsing the NetworkProject: Network Client Setup Tips
21. Connecting to the Internet
Internet Connection Options for DOS-Based ComputersConnecting to Your ISPUsing Internet ToolsA Sample FTP SessionProject: Common Problems with DOS Internet Tools
22. Third-Party Utilities
Enhancing Your Computer with Utility ProgramsUnderstanding Freeware, Shareware, and DemowarePKWare's PKZIP and PKUNZIPMcAfee VirusScan4DOS
V. Appendixes
A. Files Supplied with MS-DOS 6.22
About MS-DOS FilesMS-DOS 6.22 FilesMS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk FilesMS-DOS Utility File Extensions by Version
B. DOS Environment Variables
Understanding the DOS EnvironmentAPPENDCOMSPECCONFIGCOPYCMDDIRCMDMSDOSDATAPATHPROMPTTEMP and TMPwindirWINPMT
C. DOS Messages
General DOS MessagesDOS Device Error Messages
D. DOS and DOS Utility Programs' Keyboard Commands
DOS Startup Control KeysROM BIOS Control KeysDOS Control KeysCommand-Line Editing Keys Without DOSKEYCommand-Line Editing Keys with DOSKEYEdit Keystroke CommandsDOS Shell Keystroke Commands
E. ASCII and Extended ASCII Codes
F. Command Reference
DOS Commands by FunctionBatch File CommandsCONFIG.SYS CommandsCONFIG.SYS DEVICE= DriversDirectory CommandsDisk CommandsFile CommandsDOS ApplicationsHelp CommandsInternational Commands and Device DriversMemory and System Performance CommandsMiscellaneous CommandsWindows ApplicationsConventions Used in This Command ReferenceIcons Used in This Command ReferenceFilenames and PathnamesLegal Filename CharactersDOS Reserved Names?, * 1.0 and later—InternalUsing the ? Wildcard Character in a Filename or ExtensionUsing the * Wildcard Character in a Filename or ExtensionExamplesSee Also> and >> 2.0 and later—InternalSee Also< 2.0 and later—InternalSee Also| 2.0 and later—InternalSee Also:label 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesMessagesSee Also%n 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesSee Also%envir% 4.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesSee Also@ 4.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesSee Also; 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesSee Also? 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee Also[blockname] 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesSee AlsoANSI.SYS (device driver) 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoAPPEND 3.3 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoASSIGN 2.0 to 5.0—ExternalUsing SUBST Instead of ASSIGNSee AlsoATTRIB 3.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoBACKUP 2.0 to 5.0—ExternalSee AlsoBREAK 2.0 and later—InternalBREAK= 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoBUFFERS= 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoCALL 3.3 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoCD or CHDIR 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoCHAINSyntaxParameters and SwitchesCHCP 3.3 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoCHDIR (see CD)CHECKSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRemarksCHKDSK 1.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoCHKSTATE.SYS (see MEMMAKER)See AlsoCHOICE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesExamplesSee AlsoCLS 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesSee AlsoCMOSCLK.SYSSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesCNFIGNAM.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesCOMMAND 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoCOMP 1.0 to 5.0—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoCONFIGSyntaxParameters and SwitchesCOPY 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoCOUNTRY= 3.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoCOUNTRY.SYS (see COUNTRY=)See AlsoCPBACKUPSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoCPBDIRSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoCPSCHEDSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoCRCSyntaxParameters and SwitchesCREATESyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoCSCRIPTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesCTTY 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoCURSOR.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesCVT.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesDATAMONSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesDATE 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/AUTOMOUNT 6.2—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/CHKDSK 6.0 only—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/COMPRESS 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/CREATE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/DEFRAGMENT 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/DELETE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/DOUBLEGUARD 6.2—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/FORMAT 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/INFO 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/LIST 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxSee AlsoDBLSPACE/MOUNT 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDBLSPACE /RATIO 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/SIZE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExamplesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/UNCOMPRESS 6.2—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE/UNMOUNT 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDBLSPACE.SYS (device driver) 6.0 and later— ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDCONVERTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDEBUG 1.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesDEFRAG 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesSee AlsoDEL or ERASE 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoDELOLDOS 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDELPURGE.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesDELWATCH.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoDELQ or ERAQSyntaxParameters and SwitchesDELTREE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesSee AlsoDEVICE= 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoDEVICEHIGH= 5.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoDEVLOADSyntaxParameters and SwitchesDIR 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoDISKCOMP 1.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesMessagesSee AlsoDISKCOPY 1.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesMessagesSee AlsoDISKMAP.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesDISKOPT.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesDISPLAY.SYS (device driver) 3.3 and later— ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDOS= 5.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoDOSBOOKSyntaxParameters and SwitchesDOSDATASyntaxParameters and SwitchesDOSDOCKSyntaxParameters and SwitchesDOSKEY 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoDOSSHELL 4.0 to 6.0—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoDPMISyntaxParameters and SwitchesDPMS.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesDRIVER.SYS (device driver) 3.2 and later— ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoDRIVPARM= 3.2 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoDRMOUSESyntaxParameters and SwitchesDRVLOCKSyntaxParameters and SwitchesDYNALOADSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesESyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesECHO 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoEDIT 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoEDLIN 1.0 to 5.0—ExternalSee AlsoEGA.SYS (device driver) 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoEJECTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRemarksEMM386 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoEMM386.EXE (device driver)5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoERASE (see DEL)ERAQ (see DELQ)EXE2BIN 1.1 to 5.0—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesEXIT 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesSee AlsoEXPAND 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoEXTRACTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesFASTHELP 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoFASTOPEN 3.3 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoFC 3.3 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoFCBS= 3.1 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoFDISK 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoFILELINKFILES= 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoFILEUPSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoFIND 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesRulesNotesExamplesSee AlsoFOR 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoFORMAT 1.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoGOTO 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoGRAFTABL 3.0 to 5.0—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesSee AlsoGRAPHICS 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoHCONVERTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRemarksHELP 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoHIINSTALL or INSTALLHIGHSyntaxParameters and SwitchesHILOAD (see LOADHIGH)HIMEM.SYS (device driver) 4.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoIBMAVDSyntaxIBMAVSPSyntaxParameters and SwitchesIEXTRACTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesIF 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoINCLUDE= 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoINSTALL= 4.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoINSTALLHIGH (see HIINSTALL)INTERLNK 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoINTERLNK.EXE (device driver) 6.0 and later— ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoINTERSVR 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoJOIN 3.1 to 5.0—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoKBDBUF.SYS (device driver) ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoKEYB 3.3 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesMessagesSee AlsoKEYBOARD.SYS (see KEYB)See AlsoLABEL 3.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoLASTDRIVE= 3.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoLH (see LOADHIGH)LOADERSyntaxParameters and SwitchesLOADFIX 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesLOADHIGH or LH 5.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesRulesExamplesSee AlsoMD or MKDIR 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoMEM 4.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoMEMMAKER 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoMEMMAXSyntaxParameters and SwitchesMENUCOLOR= 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoMENUDEFAULT= 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoMENUITEM= 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoMIRROR 5.0—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoMKDIR (see MD)MODE 1.1 and later—ExternalDisplay Device Status InformationParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoMODE COM# 1.1 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoMODE CON 4.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoMODE device CP 3.3 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoMODE display 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoMODE LPT# 3.2 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoMONOUMB.386 6.0 and later—WindowsSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoMORE 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoMOVE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesExamplesSee AlsoMSAV 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesSee AlsoMSBACKUP 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoMSCDEX 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoMSD 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoMSHERC 5.0—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMWAV 6.0 and later—WindowsSee AlsoMWAVTSR 6.0 and later—WindowsSee AlsoMWBACKUP 6.0 and later—WindowsSee AlsoMWUNDEL 6.0 and later—WindowsSee AlsoNLSFUNC 3.3 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoNUMLOCK= 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesNWCACHESyntax for Loading NWCACHEParameters for Loading NWCACHESyntax for NWCACHE After It Is LoadedParameters for NWCACHE After It Is LoadedNWCDEXSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoPASSWDSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesPASSWORDSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesPATH 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoPAUSE 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoPCMSyntaxNotesPCMATA.SYSPCMCSPCMDINSTSyntaxPCMFDISKSyntaxNotesPCMRMAN (Standalone Utility)SyntaxNotesPCMRMAN (Command-Line Utility)SyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesPCMSCDSyntaxNotesPCMSETUPSyntaxPOWER 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoPOWER.EXE (device driver) 6.0 and later— ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoPRINT 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoPRINTER.SYS (device driver) 3.3 to 5.0— ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoPROMPT 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoQBASIC 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesQCONFIGSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRAMBOOSTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRAMBOOST.EXESyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesRAMDRIVE.SYS (device driver) 3.2 and later— ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoRAMSETUPSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoRD or RMDIR 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoRECOVER 2.0–5.0—ExternalSee AlsoREM 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoREMOVDRVSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesREN or RENAME 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoRENDIRSyntaxParameters and SwitchesREPLACE 3.2 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoREPORTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoRESIZESyntaxParameters and SwitchesRESTORE 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxPARAMETERS AND SWITCHESExit CodesRulesNotesMessagesRMDIR (see RD)SCANDISK 6.22—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoSCANREGSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSCHEDULESyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoSCREATE.SYSSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoSCRIPTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSDEFRAGSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSDIRSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoSET 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoSETUP (Stacker)SyntaxParameters and SwitchesSETVER 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoSETVER.EXE (device driver) 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoSHARE 3.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoSHELL= 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoSHIFT 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesSee AlsoSIZER (see MEMMAKER)See AlsoSMARTDRV 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoSMARTDRV.EXE (device driver) 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoSMARTMON 6.0 and later—WindowsSee AlsoSORT 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoSSETUPSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSTACSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSTACHIGH.SYSSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSTACKERSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSTACKS= 3.2 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSUBMENU= 6.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoSUBST 3.1 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoSWITCHSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSWITCHES= 5.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoSYS 1.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesMessagesSee AlsoSYSINFOSyntaxParameters and SwitchesTASKMGRSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesTIME 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesSee AlsoTIMEOUTSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoTOUCHSyntaxParameters and SwitchesTREE 2.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee AlsoTUNERSyntaxParameters and SwitchesTYPE 1.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesSee AlsoUMBCGA.SYSSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesUMBEMS.SYSSyntaxParameters and SwitchesUMBHERC.SYSSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesUMBMONO.SYSSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesUNCOMPSyntaxParameters and SwitchesUNDELETE 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesExamplesSee AlsoUNFORMAT 5.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesSee AlsoUNINSTALLSyntaxParameters and SwitchesUNPACK2SyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesUNSTACKSyntaxParameters and SwitchesVER 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxNotesExamplesSee AlsoVERIFY 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesVFINTD.386 6.0 and later—WindowsSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesVIEWSyntaxParameters and SwitchesVOL 2.0 and later—InternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoVSAFE 6.0 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesRulesNotesExamplesSee AlsoWINA20.386 5.0 and later—WindowsSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesExamplesMessagesSee AlsoXCOPY 3.2 and later—ExternalSyntaxParameters and SwitchesExit CodesRulesNotesMessagesSee AlsoXCOPY32XDELSyntaxParameters and SwitchesXDFSyntaxParameters and SwitchesNotesXDFCOPYSyntaxParameters and SwitchesXDIRSyntaxParameters and SwitchesSee Also
G. Glossary
Glossary

Content preview from Special Edition Using MS-DOS® 6.22, Third Edition

Appendix E. ASCII and Extended ASCII Codes

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a widely used standard that defines numeric values for a common set of alphabetic characters. The first 32 characters are reserved for formatting and hardware control codes. Following these codes are 96 “printable” characters. IBM defined symbols for the final 128 ASCII values when it released the IBM PC, and referred to the additional characters as Extended ASCII codes. This entire set of 256 characters is often referred to as the PC-8 character set, or code page 437.

Dec X₁₀	Hex X₁₆	Binary X₂	ASCII Character	Ctrl	Key
000	00	0000 0000	null	NUL	^@
001	01	0000 0001		SOH	^A
002	02	0000 0010		STX	^B
003	03	0000 0011		ETX	^C
004	04	0000 0100

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Special Edition Using MS-DOS® 6.22, Third Edition

by Jim Cooper

Appendix E. ASCII and Extended ASCII Codes

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