Speech and Audio Signal Processing: Processing and Perception of Speech and Music, Second Edition

INDEX

A posteriori probability

defined, 126

estimated directly, 385–388

A priori probability

defined, 126

Absorption coefficients, 184

Acoustic model training, see Automatic speech recognition (ASR), statistical training

Acoustic source, 595

Acoustic tube

model, 152–157

discrete-time, 146–147

resonances, 147–148

Adaptation, of auditory nerve, 200

Adaptive beamformers, 604–605

Adaptive codebooks for CELP, 525–526

Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM), 510

Adaptive predictive coding, 512

Additive synthesis, 557, 558

ADPCM, see Adaptive differential pulse code modulation

Advanced Audio Codec (AAC), 547

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 46

Afferent neural pathways, 193

Affricate, 325

AI, see Articulation Index

AIC, see Akaike Information Criterion

Air Travel Information System (ATIS), 48

Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), 292

Alias cancellation, 540

time-domain, 542

Alignment

of music, 571–574

All-pole gammatone filter (APGF), 270–272

Allen, J., 250

Allophone, 321

Alpha recursion, see Forward recurrence

ALSR, see Average localized synchronized rate

Alveolar consonant, 323

Analysis-based synthesis, see Music, synthesis, analysis-based

Analysis-by-synthesis, 241, 515, 517

Analysis-synthesis systems, 23, 25, 473

ANN, see Artificial neural network

Anvil, see Incus

Apex, 196

APGF, see All-pole gammatone filter

AR model, see Autoregressive model

ARPA, see Advanced Research Projects Agency

Articulation Index (AI), 250–252

Articulatory features, see Features, articulatory ...