book

SQL in a Nutshell, 4th Edition

by Kevin Kline, Regina O. Obe, Leo S. Hsu

June 2022

Intermediate to advanced

838 pages

21h 1m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Why This Book?Who Should Read This Book?How This Book Is OrganizedHow to Use This BookResourcesChanges in the Fourth EditionConventions Used in This BookO’Reilly Online LearningHow to Contact UsAcknowledgmentsKevin E. Kline’s AcknowledgmentsRegina Obe and Leo Hsu’s Acknowledgments
The Relational Model and ANSI SQLCodd’s Rules for Relational Database SystemsCodd’s Rules in Action: Simple SELECT ExamplesHistory of the SQL StandardLevels of ConformanceParts of the SQL StandardSQL Statement ClassesSQL DialectsNoSQL
Database Platforms Described in This BookCategories of SyntaxIdentifiersLiteralsOperatorsKeywords and Reserved WordsSQL and Platform-Specific Data TypesMySQL Data TypesOracle Data TypesPostgreSQL Data TypesSQL Server Data TypesConstraintsScopeSyntaxPRIMARY KEY ConstraintsFOREIGN KEY ConstraintsUNIQUE ConstraintsCHECK Constraints
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCREATE/ALTER DATABASE StatementCREATE DOMAIN StatementCREATE/ALTER INDEX StatementCREATE/ALTER SCHEMA StatementCREATE/ALTER TABLE StatementCREATE/ALTER TYPE StatementCREATE/ALTER VIEW StatementDROP Statements
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceALL/ANY/SOME OperatorsBETWEEN OperatorEXCEPT Set OperatorEXISTS OperatorFILTER ClauseGROUP BY ClauseIN OperatorINTERSECT Set OperatorIS OperatorJOIN SubclauseLIKE OperatorORDER BY ClauseOVER ClauseSELECT StatementSUBQUERY SubstatementUNION Set OperatorVALUES ClauseWHERE ClauseWITH ClauseWITH ORDINALITY Clause
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCOMMIT StatementDELETE StatementINSERT StatementMERGE StatementRELEASE SAVEPOINT StatementRETURNING ClauseROLLBACK StatementSAVEPOINT StatementSET TRANSACTION StatementSTART TRANSACTION StatementTRUNCATE TABLE StatementUPDATE Statement
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCONNECT StatementCREATE ROLE StatementGRANT StatementREVOKE StatementSET CONNECTION StatementSET CONSTRAINTS StatementSET PATH StatementSET ROLE StatementSET SCHEMA StatementSET SESSION AUTHORIZATION StatementSET TIME ZONE Statement
How to Use This ChapterTypes of FunctionsDeterministic and Nondeterministic FunctionsAggregate FunctionsWindow FunctionsSQL FunctionsVariable FunctionsGeneral-Purpose FunctionsNumeric FunctionsString Functions and OperatorsCollection FunctionsPlatform-Specific ExtensionsMySQL-Supported FunctionsOracle-Supported FunctionsPostgreSQL-Supported FunctionsSQL Server–Supported Functions
How to Use This ChapterSQL Aggregate FunctionsSQL Aggregate SyntaxARRAY_AGGAVG and SUMCOLLECTCORRCOUNTCOVAR_POPCOVAR_SAMPCUME_DISTDENSE_RANKEVERYLISTAGGMIN and MAXPERCENT_RANKPERCENTILE_CONTPERCENTILE_DISCRANKThe REGR Family of FunctionsSTDDEV_POPSTDDEV_SAMPVAR_POPVAR_SAMPComplementary FunctionsGROUPINGMATCH_RECOGNIZESQL Window FunctionsSQL Standard Window SyntaxMySQL Window SyntaxOracle Window SyntaxPostgreSQL Window SyntaxSQL Server Window SyntaxPartitioningOrderingGrouping or WindowingList of Window FunctionsPlatform-Specific ExtensionsMySQL-Supported FunctionsOracle-Supported FunctionsPostgreSQL-Supported FunctionsSQL Server–Supported Functions
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCALL StatementCLOSE Statement (Cursors)CREATE/ALTER AGGREGATE StatementCREATE CAST StatementCREATE/ALTER FUNCTION/PROCEDURE StatementCREATE/ALTER METHOD StatementCREATE/ALTER/DROP TRIGGER StatementDECLARE CURSOR StatementFETCH Statement (Cursors)OPEN Statement (Cursors)RETURN StatementPlatform-Specific Extensions

Why JSON?Exporting Relational Data as JSONJSON SupportJSON Data TypesSQL/JSON PathSQL Standard JSON FunctionsJSON Platform-Specific ExtensionsWhy XML?XML Data TypesXPathSQL XML FunctionsXML Platform-Specific Extensions
SQL Standard KeywordsABCDEFG–HIJK–LMNOP–QRSTUV–ZKeywords Shared Across Multiple Platforms

Content preview from SQL in a Nutshell, 4th Edition

Chapter 9. Storing Logic in the Database

Most relational databases allow you to compartmentalize reusable nuggets of logic in what are called stored procedures and user-defined functions (UDFs). In addition, many relational databases allow you to react to changes in data or even structural changes to the database via the use of triggers. The SQL standard defines a syntax for expressing these. In this chapter we’ll focus on the SQL standard commands for working with casts, cursors, functions, methods, procedures, triggers, and types and to what extent these commands are supported in the databases covered in this book (including any deviations from or extensions to the standard). One particular feature not covered by the latest SQL standard is syntax for creating aggregate functions. All the databases we cover support this, but they deviate widely in their syntax. In addition, the SQL standard does not cover triggers that take action when objects in a database (such as tables, views, and even functions) are added, altered, or dropped. Again, most of the platforms provide such triggers, but with varying syntax, as you will see.

How to Use This Chapter

When researching a command in this chapter:

Read “SQL Platform Support”.
Check Table 9-1.
Look up the specific SQL statement, check the syntax, and read the “Keywords,” “Rules at a glance,” and “Programming tips and gotchas” sections. Do this even if you are looking for a specific platform implementation.
Finally, read the platform-specific ...