October 2021
Intermediate to advanced
746 pages
44h 42m
English
Paper allowed writing and later printing. Punch cards were used to store census data, company records, and allowed simple data processing. Magnetic tapes and disks (also optical) held data, text, images, audio and video. Tapes were used for batch data processing and disks with random access capability also allowed online processing. High bandwidth communications have resulted in a paradigm shift by downloading and streaming to IPOD rather than Compact Disks - CDs and Digital Versatile Disks - DVDs. Tapes only accessible sequentially are used for batch processing, while disks allow random access via hashing or indexing (B+-trees) Linera and extensible hashing allow additions and deletions. ...
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