Subsea Engineering Handbook

Chapter 15

Hydrates

Contents

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Physics and Phase Behavior

15.2.1. General

15.2.2. Hydrate Formation and Dissociation

15.2.3. Effects of Salt, MeOH, and Gas Composition

15.2.4. Mechanism of Hydrate Inhibition

15.2.4.1. Thermodynamic Inhibitors

15.2.4.2. Low-Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors

15.3. Hydrate Prevention

15.3.1. Thermodynamic Inhibitors

15.3.2. Low-Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors

15.3.3. Low-Pressure Operation

15.3.4. Water Removal

15.3.5. Thermal Insulation

15.3.6. Active Heating

15.3.6.1. Electrical Heating

15.3.6.2. Hot Fluid Circulation Heating in a Pipe Bundle

15.4. Hydrate Remediation

15.4.1. Depressurization

15.4.2. Thermodynamic Inhibitors

15.4.3. Active Heating

15.4.4. Mechanical Methods

15.4.5. Safety Considerations ...