Introduction
Behaviorism is response to a stimulus. For example, something in our environment changes, something about our circumstance changes, something, somewhere is happening (i.e., a change occurring), and for the most part observable; they may be real or we may simply perceive these as real. I am not walking down that dark street. These ideas in the way we think go back centuries, from Darwin’s (1872) expression in man, Watson’s (1913) behaviorist manifesto, to Pavlov’s (1920s) classical conditioning. Skinner’s (1930s) operant conditioning and Tolman’s (1948) cognitive maps, to Miller’s (1967) biofeedback and beyond, and in between these researchers, we have hundreds, if not thousands of other researchers and scholars. ...
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