1 Introduction
Discovered in 1911, superconductivity is a fascinating phenomena of modern physics with marvelous scientific and technological applications, such as powerful magnets for medical imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), for high energy physics, in particular, the large hadron collider (LHC), for nuclear fusion, and a wide range of modern applications.
The first major milestone in the history of superconductivity was the discovery by Kamerlingh Onnes [1, 2] that the electrical resistance of various metals, such as mercury, lead, and tin disappears when the temperature is lowered below some critical temperature value, Tc. Zero electrical resistance allows persistent currents in superconducting rings. These currents flow without ...
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