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Developers

One developing agent is best, two is okay, three is very suspect, and four the guy is definitely a jerk.

-Bob Schwalberg

Developers are made up of four basic components:

  • Developing agent.
  • Preservative, which slows the rate of developer oxidation.
  • Accelerator, which energizes the developer.
  • Restrainer, which restricts the formation of excessive fog and/or slows the rate of development.

All four of these components are necessary for the development process to be successful. Often, however, one chemical will serve more than one function. For example, sodium sulfite is usually used as a preservative to prevent oxidation. However, in the film-developing formula Kodak D-23 the large amount of sodium sulfite (100.0 grams) serves ...

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