The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 4th Edition

Book description

Updated and revised, The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, Third Edition is a comprehensive resource that addresses all of the necessary organization and architecture topics, yet is appropriate for the one-term course.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. Preface
  7. Chapter 1 Introduction
    1. 1.1 Overview
    2. 1.2 The Main Components of a Computer
    3. 1.3 An Example System: Wading Through the Jargon
    4. 1.4 Standards Organizations
    5. 1.5 Historical Development
      1. 1.5.1 Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642–1945)
      2. 1.5.2 The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–1953)
      3. 1.5.3 The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954–1965)
      4. 1.5.4 The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965–1980)
      5. 1.5.5 The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980–????)
      6. 1.5.6 Moore’s Law
    6. 1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
    7. 1.7 Cloud Computing: Computing as a Service
    8. 1.8 The Von Neumann Model
    9. 1.9 Non–Von Neumann Models
    10. 1.10 Parallel Processors and Parallel Computing
    11. 1.11 Parallelism: Enabler of Machine Intelligence—Deep Blue and Watson
    12. Chapter Summary
    13. Further Reading
    14. References
    15. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    16. Exercises
  8. Chapter 2 Data Representation in Computer Systems
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 Positional Numbering Systems
    3. 2.3 Converting Between Bases
      1. 2.3.1 Converting Unsigned Whole Numbers
      2. 2.3.2 Converting Fractions
      3. 2.3.3 Converting Between Power-of-Two Radices
    4. 2.4 Signed Integer Representation
      1. 2.4.1 Signed Magnitude
      2. 2.4.2 Complement Systems
      3. 2.4.3 Excess-M Representation for Signed Numbers
      4. 2.4.4 Unsigned Versus Signed Numbers
      5. 2.4.5 Computers, Arithmetic, and Booth’s Algorithm
      6. 2.4.6 Carry Versus Overflow
      7. 2.4.7 Binary Multiplication and Division Using Shifting
    5. 2.5 Floating-Point Representation
      1. 2.5.1 A Simple Model
      2. 2.5.2 Floating-Point Arithmetic
      3. 2.5.3 Floating-Point Errors
      4. 2.5.4 The IEEE-754 Floating-Point Standard
      5. 2.5.5 Range, Precision, and Accuracy
      6. 2.5.6 Additional Problems with Floating-Point Numbers
    6. 2.6 Character Codes
      1. 2.6.1 Binary-Coded Decimal
      2. 2.6.2 EBCDIC
      3. 2.6.3 ASCII
      4. 2.6.4 Unicode
    7. 2.7 Error Detection and Correction
      1. 2.7.1 Cyclic Redundancy Check
      2. 2.7.2 Hamming Codes
      3. 2.7.3 Reed-Solomon
    8. Chapter Summary
    9. Further Reading
    10. References
    11. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    12. Exercises
    13. Focus on Codes for Data Recording and Transmission
      1. 2A.1 Non-Return-to-Zero Code
      2. 2A.2 Non-Return-to-Zero-Invert Code
      3. 2A.3 Phase Modulation (Manchester Code)
      4. 2A.4 Frequency Modulation
      5. 2A.5 Run-Length-Limited Code
      6. 2A.6 Partial Response Maximum Likelihood Coding
      7. 2A.7 Summary
      8. Exercises
  9. Chapter 3 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 Boolean Algebra
      1. 3.2.1 Boolean Expressions
      2. 3.2.2 Boolean Identities
      3. 3.2.3 Simplification of Boolean Expressions
      4. 3.2.4 Complements
      5. 3.2.5 Representing Boolean Functions
    3. 3.3 Logic Gates
      1. 3.3.1 Symbols for Logic Gates
      2. 3.3.2 Universal Gates
      3. 3.3.3 Multiple Input Gates
    4. 3.4 Digital Components
      1. 3.4.1 Digital Circuits and Their Relationship to Boolean Algebra
      2. 3.4.2 Integrated Circuits
      3. 3.4.3 Putting It All Together: From Problem Description to Circuit
    5. 3.5 Combinational Circuits
      1. 3.5.1 Basic Concepts
      2. 3.5.2 Examples of Typical Combinational Circuits
    6. 3.6 Sequential Circuits
      1. 3.6.1 Basic Concepts
      2. 3.6.2 Clocks
      3. 3.6.3 Flip-Flops
      4. 3.6.4 Finite State Machines
      5. 3.6.5 Examples of Sequential Circuits
      6. 3.6.6 An Application of Sequential Logic: Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Detection
    7. 3.7 Designing Circuits
    8. Chapter Summary
    9. Further Reading
    10. References
    11. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    12. Exercises
    13. Focus on Karnaugh Maps
      1. 3A.1 Introduction
      2. 3A.2 Description of Kmaps and Terminology
      3. 3A.3 Kmap Simplification for Two Variables
      4. 3A.4 Kmap Simplification for Three Variables
      5. 3A.5 Kmap Simplification for Four Variables
      6. 3A.6 Don’t Care Conditions
      7. 3A.7 Summary
      8. Exercises
  10. Chapter 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 CPU Basics and Organization
      1. 4.2.1 The Registers
      2. 4.2.2 The ALU
      3. 4.2.3 The Control Unit
    3. 4.3 The Bus
    4. 4.4 Clocks
    5. 4.5 The Input/Output Subsystem
    6. 4.6 Memory Organization and Addressing
    7. 4.7 Interrupts
    8. 4.8 MARIE
      1. 4.8.1 The Architecture
      2. 4.8.2 Registers and Buses
      3. 4.8.3 Instruction Set Architecture
      4. 4.8.4 Register Transfer Notation
    9. 4.9 Instruction Processing
      1. 4.9.1 The Fetch–Decode–Execute Cycle
      2. 4.9.2 Interrupts and the Instruction Cycle
      3. 4.9.3 MARIE’s I/O
    10. 4.10 A Simple Program
    11. 4.11 A Discussion on Assemblers
      1. 4.11.1 What Do Assemblers Do?
      2. 4.11.2 Why Use Assembly Language?
    12. 4.12 Extending Our Instruction Set
    13. 4.13 A Discussion on Decoding: Hardwired Versus Microprogrammed Control
      1. 4.13.1 Machine Control
      2. 4.13.2 Hardwired Control
      3. 4.13.3 Microprogrammed Control
    14. 4.14 Real-World Examples of Computer Architectures
      1. 4.14.1 Intel Architectures
      2. 4.14.2 MIPS Architectures
      3. Chapter Summary
      4. Further Reading
      5. References
      6. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
      7. Exercises
  11. Chapter 5 A Closer Look at Instruction Set Architectures
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 Instruction Formats
      1. 5.2.1 Design Decisions for Instruction Sets
      2. 5.2.2 Little Versus Big Endian
      3. 5.2.3 Internal Storage in the CPU: Stacks Versus Registers
      4. 5.2.4 Number of Operands and Instruction Length
      5. 5.2.5 Expanding Opcodes
    3. 5.3 Instruction Types
      1. 5.3.1 Data Movement
      2. 5.3.2 Arithmetic Operations
      3. 5.3.3 Boolean Logic Instructions
      4. 5.3.4 Bit Manipulation Instructions
      5. 5.3.5 Input/Output Instructions
      6. 5.3.6 Instructions for Transfer of Control
      7. 5.3.7 Special-Purpose Instructions
      8. 5.3.8 Instruction Set Orthogonality
    4. 5.4 Addressing
      1. 5.4.1 Data Types
      2. 5.4.2 Address Modes
    5. 5.5 Instruction Pipelining
    6. 5.6 Real-World Examples of ISAs
      1. 5.6.1 Intel
      2. 5.6.2 MIPS
      3. 5.6.3 Java Virtual Machine
      4. 5.6.4 ARM
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  12. Chapter 6 Memory
    1. 6.1 Introduction
    2. 6.2 Types of Memory
    3. 6.3 The Memory Hierarchy
      1. 6.3.1 Locality of Reference
    4. 6.4 Cache Memory
      1. 6.4.1 Cache Mapping Schemes
      2. 6.4.2 Replacement Policies
      3. 6.4.3 Effective Access Time and Hit Ratio
      4. 6.4.4 When Does Caching Break Down?
      5. 6.4.5 Cache Write Policies
      6. 6.4.6 Instruction and Data Caches
      7. 6.4.7 Levels of Cache
    5. 6.5 Virtual Memory
      1. 6.5.1 Paging
      2. 6.5.2 Effective Access Time Using Paging
      3. 6.5.3 Putting It All Together: Using Cache, TLBs, and Paging
      4. 6.5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paging and Virtual Memory
      5. 6.5.5 Segmentation
      6. 6.5.6 Paging Combined with Segmentation
    6. 6.6 A Real-World Example of Memory Management
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  13. Chapter 7 Input/Output and Storage Systems
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 I/O and Performance
    3. 7.3 Amdahl’ s Law
    4. 7.4 I/O Architectures
      1. 7.4.1 I/O Control Methods
      2. 7.4.2 Character I/O Versus Block I/O
      3. 7.4.3 I/O Bus Operation
    5. 7.5 Data Transmission Modes
      1. 7.5.1 Parallel Data Transmission
      2. 7.5.2 Serial Data Transmission
    6. 7.6 Magnetic Disk Technology
      1. 7.6.1 Rigid Disk Drives
      2. 7.6.2 Solid State Drives
    7. 7.7 Optical Disks
      1. 7.7.1 CD-ROM
      2. 7.7.2 DVD
      3. 7.7.3 Blue-Violet Laser Discs
      4. 7.7.4 Optical Disk Recording Methods
    8. 7.8 Magnetic Tape
    9. 7.9 RAID
      1. 7.9.1 RAID Level 0
      2. 7.9.2 RAID Level 1
      3. 7.9.3 RAID Level 2
      4. 7.9.4 RAID Level 3
      5. 7.9.5 RAID Level 4
      6. 7.9.6 RAID Level 5
      7. 7.9.7 RAID Level 6
      8. 7.9.8 RAID DP
      9. 7.9.9 Hybrid RAID Systems
      10. 7.10 The Future of Data Storage
    10. Chapter Summary
    11. Further Reading
    12. References
    13. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    14. Exercises
    15. Focus on Data Compression
      1. 7A.1 Introduction
      2. 7A.2 Statistical Coding
      3. 7A.2.1 Huffman Coding
      4. 7A.2.2 Arithmetic Coding
      5. 7A.3 Ziv-Lempel (LZ) Dictionary Systems
      6. 7A.4 GIF and PNG Compression
      7. 7A.5 JPEG Compression
      8. 7A.6 MP3 Compression
      9. 7A.7 Summary
      10. Further Reading
      11. References
      12. Exercises
  14. Chapter 8 System Software
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Operating Systems
      1. 8.2.1 Operating Systems History
      2. 8.2.2 Operating System Design
      3. 8.2.3 Operating System Services
    3. 8.3 Protected Environments
      1. 8.3.1 Virtual Machines
      2. 8.3.2 Subsystems and Partitions
      3. 8.3.3 Protected Environments and the Evolution of Systems Architectures
    4. 8.4 Programming Tools
      1. 8.4.1 Assemblers and Assembly
      2. 8.4.2 Link Editors
      3. 8.4.3 Dynamic Link Libraries
      4. 8.4.4 Compilers
      5. 8.4.5 Interpreters
    5. 8.5 Java: All of the Above
    6. 8.6 Database Software
    7. 8.7 Transaction Managers
    8. Chapter Summary
    9. Further Reading
    10. References
    11. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    12. Exercises
  15. Chapter 9 Alternative Architectures
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 RISC Machines
    3. 9.3 Flynn’s Taxonomy
    4. 9.4 Parallel and Multiprocessor Architectures
      1. 9.4.1 Superscalar and VLIW
      2. 9.4.2 Vector Processors
      3. 9.4.3 Interconnection Networks
      4. 9.4.4 Shared Memory Multiprocessors
      5. 9.4.5 Distributed Computing
    5. 9.5 Alternative Parallel Processing Approaches
      1. 9.5.1 Dataflow Computing
      2. 9.5.2 Neural Networks
      3. 9.5.3 Systolic Arrays
    6. 9.6 Quantum Computing
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  16. Chapter 10 Topics in Embedded Systems
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 An Overview of Embedded Hardware
      1. 10.2.1 Off-the-Shelf Embedded System Hardware
      2. 10.2.2 Configurable Hardware
      3. 10.2.3 Custom-Designed Embedded Hardware
    3. 10.3 An Overview of Embedded Software
      1. 10.3.1 Embedded Systems Memory Organization
      2. 10.3.2 Embedded Operating Systems
      3. 10.3.3 Embedded Systems Software Development
    4. Chapter Summary
    5. Further Reading
    6. References
    7. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    8. Exercises
  17. Chapter 11 Performance Measurement and Analysis
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 Computer Performance Equations
    3. 11.3 Mathematical Preliminaries
      1. 11.3.1 What the Means Mean
      2. 11.3.2 The Statistics and Semantics
    4. 11.4 Benchmarking
      1. 11.4.1 Clock Rate, MIPS, and FLOPS
      2. 11.4.2 Synthetic Benchmarks: Whetstone, Linpack, and Dhrystone
      3. 11.4.3 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Benchmarks
      4. 11.4.4 Transaction Processing Performance Council Benchmarks
      5. 11.4.5 System Simulation
    5. 11.5 CPU Performance Optimization
      1. 11.5.1 Branch Optimization
      2. 11.5.2 Use of Good Algorithms and Simple Code
    6. 11.6 Disk Performance
      1. 11.6.1 Understanding the Problem
      2. 11.6.2 Physical Considerations
      3. 11.6.3 Logical Considerations
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  18. Chapter 12 Network Organization and Architecture
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Early Business Computer Networks
    3. 12.3 Early Academic and Scientific Networks: The Roots and Architecture of the Internet
    4. 12.4 Network Protocols I: ISO/OSI Protocol Unification
      1. 12.4.1 A Parable
      2. 12.4.2 The OSI Reference Model
    5. 12.5 Network Protocols II: TCP/IP Network Architecture
      1. 12.5.1 The IP Layer for Version 4
      2. 12.5.2 The Trouble with IP Version 4
      3. 12.5.3 Transmission Control Protocol
      4. 12.5.4 The TCP Protocol at Work
      5. 12.5.5 IP Version 6
    6. 12.6 Network Organization
      1. 12.6.1 Physical Transmission Media
      2. 12.6.2 Interface Cards
      3. 12.6.3 Repeaters
      4. 12.6.4 Hubs
      5. 12.6.5 Switches
      6. 12.6.6 Bridges and Gateways
      7. 12.6.7 Routers and Routing
    7. 12.7 The Fragility of the Internet
    8. Chapter Summary
    9. Further Reading
    10. References
    11. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    12. Exercises
  19. Chapter 13 Selected Storage Systems and Interfaces
    1. 13.1 Introduction
    2. 13.2 SCSI Architecture
      1. 13.2.1 “Classic” Parallel SCSI
      2. 13.2.2 The SCSI Architecture Model-3
    3. 13.3 Internet SCSI
    4. 13.4 Storage Area Networks
    5. 13.5 Other I/O Connections
      1. 13.5.1 Parallel Buses: XT to ATA
      2. 13.5.2 Serial ATA and Serial Attached SCSI
      3. 13.5.3 Peripheral Component Interconnect
      4. 13.5.4 A Serial Interface: USB
    6. 13.6 Cloud Storage
    7. Chapter Summary
    8. Further Reading
    9. References
    10. Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
    11. Exercises
  20. Appendix A: Data Structures and the Computer
    1. A.1 Introduction
    2. A.2 Fundamental Structures
      1. A.2.1 Arrays
      2. A.2.2 Queues and Linked Lists
      3. A.2.3 Stacks
    3. A.3 Trees
    4. A.4 Network Graphs
    5. Summary
    6. Further Reading
    7. References
    8. Exercises
  21. Glossary
  22. Answers and Hints for Selected Exercises
  23. Index

Product information

  • Title: The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 4th Edition
  • Author(s): Linda Null, Julia Lobur
  • Release date: February 2014
  • Publisher(s): Jones & Bartlett Learning
  • ISBN: 9781284033151