4. Environmental Costs and Benefits

Without doubt, the new technologies of the natural gas revolution, particularly hydraulic fracturing, give rise to significant environmental challenges. First, any use of hydrocarbons is under serious attack due to longstanding and familiar issues of air and water pollution and other environmental pressures associated with their consumption. More recently, a developing understanding of the role of hydrocarbons in fomenting climate change has provided additional reasons to be concerned about the dependence of modern economies on coal, gas, and oil. Beyond these general problems associated with all hydrocarbons, unconventional hydrocarbons bring with them their own specific challenges, which are the focus of ...

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