Chapter Two

Step One: Loss Advantage

From Value Chains to Value Cycles

HE FIRST STEP in becoming a constructive capitalist is learning to attain a loss advantage. It happens by turning a linear value chain into a circular value cycle. Here’s how a few revolutionaries have started to make the shift.

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It was the Death Star of companies: ultra-lean, ultra-mean, and the size of a planet. By exploiting natural resources, squeezing suppliers, and crushing communities, Walmart grew to become the biggest company in the world—and public enemy number one for a generation of activists and reformers. But today, it’s rebuilding with three suspiciously ...

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