The Psychology Book

Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION
2. PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS • PSYCHOLOGY IN THE MAKING
   1. The four temperaments of personality • Galen
   2. There is a reasoning soul in this machine • Descartes
   3. Dormez! • Abbé Faria
   4. Concepts become forces when they resist oneanother • Johann Friedrich Herbart
   5. Be that self which one truly is • Søren Kierkegaard
   6. Personality is composed of nature and nurture • Francis Galton
   7. The laws of hysteria are universal • Jean-Martin Charcot
   8. A peculiar destruction of the internal connections of the psyche • Emil Kraepelin
   9. The beginnings of the mental life date from the beginnings of life • Wilhelm Wundt
   10. We know the meaning of “consciousness” so long as no one asks us to define it • William James
   11. Adolescence is a new birth • G. Stanley Hall
   12. 24 hours after learning something, we forget two-thirds of it • Hermann Ebbinghaus
   13. The intelligence of an individual is not a fixed quantity • Alfred Binet
   14. The unconscious sees the men behind the curtains • Pierre Janet
3. BEHAVIORISM • RESPONDING TO OUR ENVIRONMENT
   1. The sight of tasty food makes a hungry man’s mouth water • Ivan Pavlov
   2. Profitless acts are stamped out • Edward Thorndike
   3. Anyone, regardless of their nature, can be trained to be anything • John B. Watson
   4. That great God-given maze which is our human world • Edward Tolman
   5. Once a rat has visited our grain sack we can plan on its return • Edwin Guthrie
   6. Nothing is more natural than for the cat to “love” the rat • Zing-Yang Kuo
   7. Learning is just not possible • Karl Lashley
   8. Imprinting cannot be forgotten! • Konrad Lorenz
   9. Behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement • B.F. Skinner
   10. Stop imagining the scene and relax • Joseph Wolpe
4. PSYCHOTHERAPY • THE UNCONSCIOUS DETERMINES BEHAVIOR
   1. The unconscious is the true psychical reality • Sigmund Freud
   2. The neurotic carries a feeling of inferiority with him constantly • Alfred Adler
   3. The collective unconscious is made up of archetypes • Carl Jung
   4. The struggle between the life and death instincts persists throughout life • Melanie Klein
   5. The tyranny of the “shoulds” • Karen Horney
   6. The superego becomes clear only when it confronts the ego with hostility • Anna Freud
   7. Truth can be tolerated only if you discover it yourself • Fritz Perls
   8. It is notoriously inadequate to take an adopted child into one’s home and love him • Donald Winnicott
   9. The unconscious is the discourse of the Other • Jacques Lacan
   10. Man’s main task is to give birth to himself • Erich Fromm
   11. The good life is a process not a state of being • Carl Rogers
   12. What a man can be, he must be • Abraham Maslow
   13. Suffering ceases to be suffering at the moment it finds a meaning • Viktor Frankl
   14. One does not become fully human painlessly • Rollo May
   15. Rational beliefs create healthy emotional consequences • Albert Ellis
   16. The family is the “factory” where people are made • Virginia Satir
   17. Turn on, tune in, drop out • Timothy Leary
   18. Insight may cause blindness • Paul Watzlawick
   19. Madness need not be all breakdown. It may also be break-through • R.D. Laing
   20. Our history does not determine our destiny • Boris Cyrulnik
   21. Only good people get depressed • Dorothy Rowe
   22. Fathers are subject to a rule of silence • Guy Corneau
5. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY • THE CALCULATING BRAIN
   1. Instinct is a dynamic pattern • Wolfgang Köhler
   2. Interruption of a task greatly improves its chances of being remembered • Bluma Zeigarnik
   3. When a baby hears footsteps, an assembly is excited • Donald Hebb
   4. Knowing is a process not a product • Jerome Bruner
   5. A man with conviction is a hard man to change • Leon Festinger
   6. The magical number 7, plus or minus 2 • George Armitage Miller
   7. There’s more to the surface than meets the eye • Aaron Beck
   8. We can listen to only one voice at once • Donald Broadbent
   9. Time’s arrow is bent into a loop • Endel Tulving
   10. Perception is externally guided hallucination • Roger N. Shepard
   11. We are constantly on the lookout for causal connections • Daniel Kahneman
   12. Events and emotion are stored in memory together • Gordon H. Bower
   13. Emotions are a runaway train • Paul Ekman
   14. Ecstasy is a step into an alternative reality • Mihály Csíkszentmihályi
   15. Happy people are extremely social • Martin Seligman
   16. What we believe with all our hearts is not necessarily the truth • Elizabeth Loftus
   17. The seven sins of memory • Daniel Schacter
   18. One is not one’s thoughts • Jon Kabat-Zinn
   19. The fear is that biology will debunk all that we hold sacred • Steven Pinker
   20. Compulsive behavior rituals are attempts to control intrusive thoughts • Paul Salkovskis
6. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY • BEING IN A WORLD OF OTHERS
   1. You cannot understand a system until you try to change it • Kurt Lewin
   2. How strong is the urge toward social conformity? • Solomon Asch
   3. Life is a dramatically enacted thing • Erving Goffman
   4. The more you see it, the more you like it • Robert Zajonc
   5. Who likes competent women? • Janet Taylor Spence
   6. Flashbulb memories are fired by events of high emotionality • Roger Brown
   7. The goal is not to advance knowledge, but to be in the know • Serge Moscovici
   8. We are, by nature, social beings • William Glasser
   9. We believe people get what they deserve • Melvin Lerner
   10. People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy • Elliot Aronson
   11. People do what they are told to do • Stanley Milgram
   12. What happens when you put good people in an evil place? • Philip Zimbardo
   13. Trauma must be understood in terms of the relationship between the individual and society • Ignacio Martín-Baró
7. DEVELOPMENTAL PHILOSOPHY • FROM INFANT TO ADULT
   1. The goal of education is to create men and women who are capable of doing new things • Jean Piaget
   2. We become ourselves through others • Lev Vygotsky
   3. A child is not beholden to any particular parent • Bruno Bettelheim
   4. Anything that grows has a ground plan • Erik Erikson
   5. Early emotional bonds are an integral part of human nature • John Bowlby
   6. Contact comfort is overwhelmingly important • Harry Harlow
   7. We prepare children for a life about whose course we know nothing • Françoise Dolto
   8. A sensitive mother creates a secure attachment • Mary Ainsworth
   9. Who teaches a child to hate and fear a member of another race? • Kenneth Clark
   10. Girls get better grades than boys • Eleanor E. Maccoby
   11. Most human behavior is learned through modeling • Albert Bandura
   12. Morality develops in six stages • Lawrence Kohlberg
   13. The language organ grows like any other body organ • Noam Chomsky
   14. Autism is an extreme form of the male brain • Simon Baron-Cohen
8. PSYCHOLOGY OF DIFFERENCE • PERSONALITY AND INTELLIGENCE
   1. Name as many uses as you can think of for a toothpick • J.P. Guilford
   2. Did Robinson Crusoe lack personality traits before the advent of Friday? • Gordon Allport
   3. General intelligence consists of both fluid and crystallized intelligence • Raymond Cattell
   4. There is an association between insanity and genius • Hans J. Eysenck
   5. Three key motivations drive performance • David C. McClelland
   6. Emotion is an essentially unconscious process • Nico Frijda
   7. Behavior without environmental cues would be absurdly chaotic • Walter Mischel
   8. We cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals • David Rosenhan
   9. The three faces of Eve • Thigpen & Cleckley
9. DIRECTORY
10. GLOSSARY
11. CONTRIBUTORS
12. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
13. COPYRIGHT