25 PRIVATE CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS AS ACTORS OF SOFT POWER IN TIMES OF AUSTERITY
Introduction
The term soft power was coined by Joseph Nye, whose work offers an invaluable insight into the concept (Nye 1990). Soft power is produced by the values a country or an organisation expresses partly through culture (Nye 2008). It is based on attraction rather than coercion (Nye 2019; Grincheva 2019; Beall & Adam 2017; Nye 2014) and on intangible resources (Zamorano 2016), and has normative, linguistic and symbolic dimensions (Chitty 2017b). It has been traditionally exercised at the level of nation-states and is widely used in international relations as means to exert influence (Beall & Adam 2017; Rothman ...
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