Thermodynamics

Table of contents

1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Contents
4. Dedication
5. Preface
6. 1. Basic Concepts
   1. 1.1 Introduction
      1. 1.1.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis
   2. 1.2 Terms Used in Analysis
      1. 1.2.1 System Boundary and Surroundings
      2. 1.2.2 Types of Systems
      3. 1.2.3 Description of a System
      4. 1.2.4 Equilibrium of a System
      5. 1.2.5 Intensive and Extensive Property
      6. 1.2.6 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Property
      7. 1.2.7 Dependent and Independent Property
      8. 1.2.8 Interactions and Processes
      9. 1.2.9 Work Transfer
   3. 1.3 Zeroth Law
      1. 1.3.1 Temperature Measurement
   4. 1.4 Units and Dimensions
   5. Summary
   6. Exercises
7. 2. Laws of Thermodynamics–I
   1. 2.1 Introduction
   2. 2.2 First Law of Thermodynamics
   3. 2.3 Non-Flow Energy Equation
   4. 2.4 Energy Equation for Open System
   5. 2.5 Application of Sfee to Thermal Systems
   6. 2.6 Analysis of an Open System as a Closed System
   7. 2.7 Transient Process
   8. Summary
   9. Exercises
8. 3. Laws of Thermodynamics–II
   1. 3.1 Second Law of Thermodynamics
      1. 3.1.1 Kelvin–Planck Statement
      2. 3.1.2 Clausius Statement
      3. 3.1.3 Principle of Increase of Entropy
      4. 3.1.4 Principle of Degradation of Energy
      5. 3.1.5 Equivalence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
   2. 3.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics–Corollaries
      1. 3.2.1 Efficiency of Cycle
      2. 3.2.2 Absolute Temperature Scale
      3. 3.2.3 Entropy Concept–Clausius Inequality Principle
   3. 3.3 Availability Concept
      1. 3.3.1 Availability Function or Exergy of the System
      2. 3.3.2 Exergy
      3. 3.3.3 Irreversibility
      4. 3.3.4 Effectiveness
   4. 3.4 Second Law Analysis
   5. Summary
   6. Exercises
9. 4. Working Substance
   1. 4.1 Introduction
   2. 4.2 Diagrammatic Representation
      1. 4.2.1 Two-dimensional Charts
   3. 4.3 Tabular Presentation
   4. 4.4 Equations
      1. 4.4.1 Algebraic Equations
      2. 4.4.2 Differential Relations
      3. 4.4.3 Mnemonic Diagram
   5. 4.5 Analysis of a Gas System
   6. Summary
   7. Exercises
10. 5. Gas and Vapour Mixtures
    1. 5.1 Introduction
       1. 5.1.1 Dalton–Gibbs and Amagat–Leduc Laws
       2. 5.1.2 Molecular Weight and Gas Constant of the Mixture
       3. 5.1.3 Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis
    2. 5.2 Mixture of Air and Vapour–Psychrometry
       1. 5.2.1 Terms Used in Air Conditioning
       2. 5.2.2 Psychrometric Chart
       3. 5.2.3 Psychrometric Processes
    3. 5.3 Binary Mixture
       1. 5.3.1 Temperature–Concentration Chart
       2. 5.3.2 Enthalpy–Concentration Diagram
       3. 5.3.3 Steady Flow Processes with Binary Mixture
    4. Summary
    5. Exercises
11. 6. Reactive Mixtures
    1. 6.1 Introduction
    2. 6.2 Stoichiometric Reaction
       1. 6.2.1 Orsat Analysis
    3. 6.3 Enthalpy of Formation
    4. 6.4 First Law Analysis
       1. 6.4.1 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
    5. 6.5 Second Law Analysis
    6. 6.6 Chemical Equilibrium and Dissociation
       1. 6.6.1 Equilibrium Constant and Heat of Reaction
       2. 6.6.2 Temperature Rise in Combustion with Dissociation
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
12. 7. Vapour Power Cycles
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 Terms Used in Cycles
       1. 7.2.1 Ideal Cycle Efficiency and Efficiency Ratio
       2. 7.2.2 Work Ratio
       3. 7.2.3 Specific Steam Consumption (ssc)
       4. 7.2.4 Isentropic Efficiency
       5. 7.2.5 Swept Volume and Compression Ratio
       6. 7.2.6 Mechanical Efficiency
       7. 7.2.7 Mean Effective Pressure
    3. 7.3 Vapour Power Cycle
    4. 7.4 Improvement in Cycle Efficiency
       1. 7.4.1 Superheating of Steam
       2. 7.4.2 Reheating of Steam
       3. 7.4.3 Other Methods
    5. 7.5 Implementation of Steam Power Cycle
    6. 7.6 Binary and Tertiary Cycles
    7. 7.7 Cogeneration
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
13. 8. Gas Power Cycles
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Analysis of Reciprocating Cycles
       1. 8.2.1 Otto Cycle
       2. 8.2.2 Diesel Cycle
       3. 8.2.3 Dual Combustion Cycle
       4. 8.2.4 Stirling and Ericsson Cycles
    3. 8.3 Gas Power Cycles for Open Systems
       1. 8.3.1 Brayton or Open Simple GT Cycle
       2. 8.3.2 Improvement of Cycle Efficiency and/or Work Output
       3. 8.3.3 Stagnation Plane
    4. 8.4 Combined Cycle
    5. 8.5 Jet Propulsion
       1. 8.5.1 Intake and Propelling Nozzle Efficiencies
       2. 8.5.2 Turbofan
    6. Summary
    7. Exercises
14. 9. Microscopic Approach
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 Kinetic Theory
       1. 9.2.1 Pressure Calculation
       2. 9.2.2 Velocity Distribution
       3. 9.2.3 Average Root Mean Square Velocity and Most Probable Speed
       4. 9.2.4 Energy Distribution Function
    3. 9.3 Results from the Macroscopic Approach
       1. 9.3.1 Collision with a Moving Wall
       2. 9.3.2 Specific Heats of a Gas
       3. 9.3.3 Transport Processes in Gases
    4. 9.4 Statistical Thermodynamics
       1. 9.4.1 Distribution of Molecules in Energy Levels
       2. 9.4.2 Thermodynamic Probability of the Most Probable State
       3. 9.4.3 Entropy
       4. 9.4.4 Distribution Law
       5. 9.4.5 Partition Function
       6. 9.4.6 Thermodynamic Properties
    5. 9.5 Statistical and Macroscopic Thermodynamics
    6. Summary
    7. Exercises
15. Appendix One Tables
16. Appendix Two Additional Problems
17. Appendix Three List of Formulae
18. Appendix Four Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
19. Notes
20. Bibliography
21. copyright