book

Towards Sustainable Road Transport

by Ronald M. Dell, Patrick T. Moseley, David J. Rand

June 2014

Intermediate to advanced

368 pages

14h 52m

English

Academic Press

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1.1. Bicycles and beyond1.2. Steam takes to the road1.3. The age of electricity1.4. The age of the motor vehicle – from dream to necessity1.5. Growth of the petroleum industry1.6. Development of roads1.7. Growth of the automotive sector

2.1. Challenges for new-generation road vehicles2.2. Demographics and vehicle ownership2.3. Petroleum production and consumption2.4. Conventional petroleum reserves2.5. Atmospheric pollution2.6. Fuel and vehicle efficiencies2.7. Emissions and climate change2.8. Electricity and hydrogen as energy carriers
3.1. The need for ‘unconventional fuels’3.2. Raw materials3.3. Motor fuels3.4. Summary
4.1. Early days of the motor industry4.2. Developments in vehicle body design4.3. Engines and transmissions4.4. Suspension, steering, brakes4.5. Exhaust systems and emissions4.6. Other key components4.7. Safety4.8. Accessories4.9. The future for internal-combustion-engined vehicles
5.1. Electricity to the rescue5.2. Stop–start and hybrid electric vehicles5.3. Electric vehicles with batteries charged from the mains5.4. Solar cars5.5. Benchmarks of progress towards cleaner and more efficient vehicles5.6. Road transport in transition
6.1. Why is electricity supply relevant to road transport?6.2. Electricity – a driving factor in the world economy6.3. Generation and distribution of electricity6.4. Electricity availability in selected countries: contemporary case studies6.5. Recharging electric vehicles6.6. De-regulation of electricity markets
7.1. Fundamentals of energy storage in batteries7.2. Key criteria for candidate batteries7.3. Battery duty in different road vehicles7.4. Lead–acid batteries7.5. Nickel–metal-hydride batteries7.6. Lithium-ion batteries7.7. Sodium–metal-halide batteries7.8. Characteristics of batteries used in hybrid electric and battery electric vehicles7.9. Supercapacitors7.10. The UltraBatteryTM7.11. Better batteries: future prospects
8.1. Why use hydrogen?8.2. Hydrogen as a fuel8.3. Present uses for hydrogen8.4. Hydrogen from fossil fuels and biomass8.5. Hydrogen from water8.6. Hydrogen distribution and storage8.7. Hydrogen utilization: fuel cells8.8. Hydrogen-fuelled road transport8.9. Present status and outlook for fuel cell vehicles
9.1. Over-arching issues9.2. Global climate change: extent and consequences9.3. Choice of vehicle technology9.4. Roads9.5. Choice of fuel: hydrocarbon, hydrogen or electricity9.6. The carrot and the stick: role of governments9.7. Possible futures

Content preview from Towards Sustainable Road Transport

Chapter 7

Batteries and Supercapacitors for Use in Road Vehicles

Abstract

The characteristics of the various battery chemistries that are being considered for road vehicles are reviewed, together with details of the required duty schedules. As the number of electrical functions that have to be supported in a vehicle continues to grow, it may be necessary to advance from 12-V to 48-V electrical systems and batteries with correspondingly higher voltages. Hybrid electric vehicles of all types impose challenging sets of demands on the battery that include operation at partial state-of-charge and acceptance of charge at very high rates. Meanwhile, battery electric vehicles need high specific energy and long deep-cycle-life. Although lead–acid batteries ...