Transformers

11

Sources, Measurement, and Mitigation of Sound Levels in Transformers

Jeewan Puri

CONTENTS

11.1    Introduction

11.2    Transformer Sound Level

11.2.1    Sound Pressure Level

11.2.2    Perceived Loudness

11.2.3    Sound Power

11.2.4    Sound Intensity Level

11.2.5    Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity Relationship

11.3    Sound Energy Measurement

11.3.1    Sound Pressure Level Measurement

11.3.2    Sound Intensity Measurement

11.4    Sources of Sound in Transformers

11.4.1    Core Noise

11.4.2    Load Noise

11.4.3    Fan and Pump Noise

11.5    Sound Level Measurement Standards

11.5.1    Standard Transformer Sound Levels

11.5.2    Sound Level Measurement Procedures

11.5.3    Sound Power Level Determination

11.5.4    Sound Power Level Calculation ...