14.1 Introduction
Our consideration of convective transport has so far been limited to cases where the flow field is laminar. Most transport operations involve not laminar, but turbulent flow. The reason behind this is simple: transport coefficients in turbulent flow can be an order of magnitude, or more, larger than the corresponding coefficients for laminar flow. This difference can be traced to a difference in the structure of the laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Unfortunately, we still have trouble simulating turbulence directly from the Navier-Stokes equations. Thus, our knowledge of the turbulent ...
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