book

Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 5th Edition

Name: Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 5th Edition
ISBN: 9780134181592

by Christie John Geankoplis, Daniel H. Lepek, Allen Hersel

April 2018

Intermediate to advanced

1248 pages

33h 35m

English

Pearson

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition
About the Authors
PART 1 TRANSPORT PROCESSES: MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units
1.0 Chapter Objectives1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations)1.1A Introduction1.1B Fundamental Transport Processes1.1C Classification of Separation Processes1.1D Arrangement in Parts 1 and 21.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems1.2A SI System of Units1.2B CGS System of Units1.2C English FPS System of Units1.2D Dimensionally Homogeneous Equations and Consistent Units1.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions1.3A Temperature1.3B Mole Units and Weight or Mass Units1.3C Concentration Units for Liquids1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure1.4A Pressure1.4B Ideal Gas Law1.4C Ideal Gas Mixtures1.4D Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point of Liquids1.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances1.5A Conservation of Mass1.5B Simple Material Balances1.5C Material Balances and Recycle1.5D Material Balances and Chemical Reaction1.6 Energy and Heat Units1.6A Joule, Calorie, and Btu1.6B Heat Capacity1.6C Latent Heat and Steam Tables1.6D Heat of Reaction1.7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances1.7A Conservation of Energy1.7B Heat Balances1.8 Numerical Methods for Integration1.8A Introduction and Graphical Integration1.8B Numerical Integration and Simpson’s Rule1.9 Chapter Summary

Chapter 2 Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics
2.0 Chapter Objectives2.1 Introduction2.2 Fluid Statics2.2A Force, Units, and Dimensions2.2B Pressure in a Fluid2.2C Head of a Fluid2.2D Devices to Measure Pressure and Pressure Differences2.3 Chapter Summary
Chapter 3 Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows
3.0 Chapter Objectives3.1 Viscosity of Fluids3.1A Newton’s Law of Viscosity3.1B Momentum Transfer in a Fluid3.1C Viscosities of Newtonian Fluids3.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number3.2A Introduction and Types of Fluid Flow3.2B Laminar and Turbulent Flow3.2C Reynolds Number3.3 Chapter Summary
Chapter 4 Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances
4.0 Chapter Objectives4.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation4.1A Introduction and Simple Mass Balances4.1B Control Volume for Balances4.1C Overall Mass-Balance Equation4.1D Average Velocity to Use in Overall Mass Balance4.2 Overall Energy Balance4.2A Introduction4.2B Derivation of Overall Energy-Balance Equation4.2C Overall Energy Balance for a Steady-State Flow System4.2D Kinetic-Energy Velocity Correction Factor α4.2E Applications of the Overall Energy-Balance Equation4.2F Overall Mechanical-Energy Balance4.2G Bernoulli Equation for Mechanical-Energy Balance4.3 Overall Momentum Balance4.3A Derivation of the General Equation4.3B Overall Momentum Balance in a Flow System in One Direction4.3C Overall Momentum Balance in Two Directions4.3D Overall Momentum Balance for a Free Jet Striking a Fixed Vane4.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow4.4A Introduction4.4B Shell Momentum Balance Inside a Pipe4.4C Shell Momentum Balance for Falling Film4.5 Chapter Summary
Chapter 5 Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes
5.0 Chapter Objectives5.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes5.1A Velocity Profiles in Pipes5.1B Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Laminar Flow5.1C Pressure Drop and Friction Factor in Turbulent Flow5.1D Pressure Drop and Friction Factor in the Flow of Gases5.1E Effect of Heat Transfer on the Friction Factor5.1F Friction Losses in Expansion, Contraction, and Pipe Fittings5.1G Friction Loss in Noncircular Conduits5.1H Entrance Section of a Pipe5.1I Selection of Pipe Sizes5.2 Compressible Flow of Gases5.2A Introduction and Basic Equation for Flow in Pipes5.2B Isothermal Compressible Flow5.2C Adiabatic Compressible Flow5.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids5.3A Pitot Tube5.3B Venturi Meter5.3C Orifice Meter5.3D Flow-Nozzle Meter5.3E Variable-Area Flow Meters (Rotameters)5.3F Other Types of Flow Meters5.3G Flow in Open Channels and Weirs5.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 6 Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds
6.0 Chapter Objectives6.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects6.1A Definition of Drag Coefficient for Flow Past Immersed Objects6.1B Flow Past a Sphere, Long Cylinder, and Disk6.2 Flow in Packed Beds6.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds6.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 7 Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment
7.0 Chapter Objectives7.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment7.1A Introduction7.1B Pumps7.1C Gas-Moving Machinery7.1D Equations for Compression of Gases7.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements7.2A Purposes of Agitation7.2B Equipment for Agitation7.2C Flow Patterns in Agitation7.2D Typical “Standard” Design of a Turbine7.2E Power Used in Agitated Vessels7.2F Agitator Scale-Up7.2G Mixing Times of Miscible Liquids7.2H Flow Number and Circulation Rate in Agitation7.2I Special Agitation Systems7.2J Mixing of Powders, Viscous Materials, and Pastes7.3 Chapter Summary
Chapter 8 Differential Equations of Fluid Flow
8.0 Chapter Objectives8.1 Differential Equations of Continuity8.1A Introduction8.1B Types of Time Derivatives and Vector Notation8.1C Differential Equation of Continuity8.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion8.2A Derivation of Equations of Momentum Transfer8.2B Equations of Motion for Newtonian Fluids with Varying Density and Viscosity8.2C Equations of Motion for Newtonian Fluids with Constant Density and Viscosity8.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion8.3A Introduction8.3B Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion for Flow Between Parallel Plates8.3C Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion for Flow in Stationary and Rotating Cylinders8.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 9 Non-Newtonian Fluids
9.0 Chapter Objectives9.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids9.1A Types of Non-Newtonian Fluids9.1B Time-Independent Fluids9.1C Time-Dependent Fluids9.1D Viscoelastic Fluids9.1E Laminar Flow of Time-Independent Non-Newtonian Fluids9.2 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids9.2A Friction Losses in Contractions, Expansions, and Fittings in Laminar Flow9.2B Turbulent Flow and Generalized Friction Factors9.3 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids9.4 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer9.5 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids9.6 Chapter Summary
Chapter 10 Potential Flow and Creeping Flow
10.0 Chapter Objectives10.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion10.1A Introduction10.2 Stream Function10.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow)10.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential10.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow10.6 Chapter Summary
Chapter 11 Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow
11.0 Chapter Objectives11.1 Boundary-Layer Flow11.1A Boundary-Layer Flow11.1B Boundary-Layer Separation and the Formation of Wakes11.1C Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory11.2 Turbulent Flow11.2A Nature and Intensity of Turbulence11.2B Turbulent Shear or Reynolds Stresses11.2C Prandtl Mixing Length11.2D Universal Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow11.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis11.3A Integral Momentum Balance for Boundary-Layer Analysis11.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 12 Introduction to Heat Transfer
12.0 Chapter Objectives12.1 Energy and Heat Units12.1A Joule, Calorie, and Btu12.1B Heat Capacity12.1C Latent Heat and Steam Tables12.1D Heat of Reaction12.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances12.2A Conservation of Energy12.2B Heat Balances12.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity12.3A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer12.3B Conduction as a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer12.3C Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction12.3D Thermal Conductivity12.4 Convection12.4A Convection as a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer12.4B Convective Heat-Transfer Coefficient12.5 Radiation12.5A Radiation, a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer12.5B Radiation to a Small Object from Its Surroundings12.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials12.6A Plane Walls in Series12.6B Conduction Through Materials in Parallel12.6C Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer12.7 Chapter Summary
Chapter 13 Steady-State Conduction
13.0 Chapter Objectives13.1 Conduction Heat Transfer13.1A Conduction Through a Flat Slab or Wall (Some Review of Chapter 12)13.1B Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder13.1C Multilayer Cylinders13.1D Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere13.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection13.2A Combined Convection, Conduction, and Overall Coefficients13.2B Log Mean Temperature Difference and Varying Temperature Drop13.2C Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Cylinder13.2D Contact Resistance at an Interface13.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation13.3A Conduction with Internal Heat Generation13.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors13.4A Introduction and Graphical Method for Two-Dimensional Conduction13.4B Shape Factors in Conduction13.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions13.5A Analytical Equation for Conduction13.5B Finite-Difference Numerical Methods13.6 Chapter Summary
Chapter 14 Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer
14.0 Chapter Objectives14.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation14.1A Introduction14.1B Derivation of the Unsteady-State Conduction Equation14.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance14.2A Basic Equation14.2B Equation for Different Geometries14.2C Total Amount of Heat Transferred14.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries14.3A Introduction and Analytical Methods14.3B Unsteady-State Conduction in a Semi-infinite Solid14.3C Unsteady-State Conduction in a Large Flat Plate14.3D Unsteady-State Conduction in a Long Cylinder14.3E Unsteady-State Conduction in a Sphere14.3F Unsteady-State Conduction in Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems14.3G Charts for Average Temperature in a Plate, Cylinder, and Sphere with Negligible Surface Resistance14.4 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction14.4A Unsteady-State Conduction in a Slab14.4B Boundary Conditions for Numerical Method for a Slab14.4C Other Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction14.5 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials14.5A Introduction14.5B Chilling of Food and Biological Materials14.5C Freezing of Food and Biological Materials14.6 Differential Equation of Energy Change14.6A Introduction14.6B Derivation of Differential Equation of Energy Change14.6C Special Cases of the Equation of Energy Change14.7 Chapter Summary
Chapter 15 Introduction to Convection
15.0 Chapter Objectives15.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer15.1A Introduction to Convection (Review)15.1B Introduction to Dimensionless Groups15.1C Buckingham Method15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer15.2A Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory in Heat Transfer15.2B Approximate Integral Analysis of the Thermal Boundary Layer15.2C Prandtl Mixing Length and Eddy Thermal Diffusivity15.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes15.3A Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Laminar Flow Inside a Pipe15.3B Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent Flow Inside a Pipe15.3C Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Transition Flow Inside a Pipe15.3D Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Noncircular Conduits15.3E Entrance-Region Effect on the Heat-Transfer Coefficient15.3F Liquid-Metals Heat-Transfer Coefficient15.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection15.4A Introduction15.4B Flow Parallel to a Flat Plate15.4C Cylinder with Axis Perpendicular to Flow15.4D Flow Past a Single Sphere15.4E Flow Past Banks of Tubes or Cylinders15.4F Heat Transfer for Flow in Packed Beds15.5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer15.5A Introduction15.5B Natural Convection from Various Geometries15.6 Boiling and Condensation15.6A Boiling15.6B Condensation15.7 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids15.7A Introduction15.7B Heat Transfer Inside Tubes15.7C Natural Convection15.8 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients15.8A Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels15.8B Scraped-Surface Heat Exchangers15.8C Extended Surface or Finned Exchangers15.9 Chapter Summary
Chapter 16 Heat Exchangers
16.0 Chapter Objectives16.1 Types of Exchangers16.2 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors16.3 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness16.4 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values16.5 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger16.6 Chapter Summary
Chapter 17 Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer
17.0 Chapter Objectives17.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts17.1A Introduction and Basic Equation for Radiation17.1B Radiation to a Small Object from Its Surroundings17.1C Effect of Radiation on the Temperature Measurement of a Gas17.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles17.2A Introduction and Radiation Spectrum17.2B Derivation of View Factors in Radiation for Various Geometries17.2C View Factors When Surfaces Are Connected by Reradiating Walls17.2D View Factors and Gray Bodies17.2E Radiation in Absorbing Gases17.3 Chapter Summary
Chapter 18 Introduction to Mass Transfer
18.0 Chapter Objectives18.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion18.1A Similarity of Mass, Heat, and Momentum Transfer Processes18.1B Examples of Mass-Transfer Processes18.1C Fick’s Law for Molecular Diffusion18.1D General Case for Diffusion of Gases A and B plus Convection18.2 Diffusion Coefficient18.2A Diffusion Coefficients for Gases18.2B Diffusion Coefficients for Liquids18.2C Prediction of Diffusivities in Liquids18.2D Prediction of Diffusivities of Electrolytes in Liquids18.2E Diffusion of Biological Solutes in Liquids18.3 Convective Mass Transfer18.3A Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficient18.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction18.4A Different Types of Fluxes and Fick’s Law18.4B Equation of Continuity for a Binary Mixture18.4C Special Cases of the Equation of Continuity18.5 Chapter Summary
Chapter 19 Steady-State Mass Transfer
19.0 Chapter Objectives19.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases19.1A Equimolar Counterdiffusion in Gases19.1B Special Case for A Diffusing Through Stagnant, Nondiffusing B19.1C Diffusion Through a Varying Cross-Sectional Area19.1D Multicomponent Diffusion of Gases19.2 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids19.2A Introduction19.2B Equations for Diffusion in Liquids19.3 Molecular Diffusion in Solids19.3A Introduction and Types of Diffusion in Solids19.3B Diffusion in Solids Following Fick’s Law19.3C Diffusion in Porous Solids That Depends on Structure19.4 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries19.4A Introduction19.4B Knudsen Diffusion of Gases19.4C Molecular Diffusion of Gases19.4D Transition-Region Diffusion of Gases19.4E Flux Ratios for Diffusion of Gases in Capillaries19.4F Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids19.5 Diffusion in Biological Gels19.6 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State19.6A Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State19.7 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions19.7A Derivation of Equations for Numerical Methods19.7B Equations for Special Boundary Conditions for Numerical Method19.8 Chapter Summary
Chapter 20 Unsteady-State Mass Transfer
20.0 Chapter Objectives20.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion20.1A Derivation of a Basic Equation20.1B Diffusion in a Flat Plate with Negligible Surface Resistance20.1C Unsteady-State Diffusion in Various Geometries20.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium20.2A Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium20.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion20.3A Introduction20.3B Unsteady-State Numerical Methods for Diffusion20.3C Boundary Conditions for Numerical Methods for a Slab20.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 21 Convective Mass Transfer
21.0 Chapter Objectives21.1 Convective Mass Transfer21.1A Introduction to Convective Mass Transfer21.1B Types of Mass-Transfer Coefficients21.1C Mass-Transfer Coefficients for the General Case of A and B Diffusing and Convective Flow Using Film Theory21.1D Mass-Transfer Coefficients under High Flux Conditions21.1E Methods for Experimentally Determining Mass-Transfer Coefficients21.2 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer21.2A Introduction21.2B Dimensional Analysis for Convective Mass Transfer21.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries21.3A Dimensionless Numbers Used to Correlate Data21.3B Analogies among Mass, Heat, and Momentum Transfer21.3C Derivation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients in Laminar Flow21.3D Mass Transfer for Flow Inside Pipes21.3E Mass Transfer for Flow Outside Solid Surfaces21.4 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles21.4A Introduction21.4B Equations for Mass Transfer to Small Particles21.5 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients21.5A Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory in Mass Transfer21.5B Prandtl Mixing Length and Turbulent Eddy Mass Diffusivity21.5C Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients21.6 Chapter Summary
PART 2 SEPARATION PROCESS PRINCIPLES
Chapter 22 Absorption and Stripping
22.0 Chapter Objectives22.1 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases22.1A Phase Rule and Equilibrium22.1B Gas–Liquid Equilibrium22.1C Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact22.1D Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for a Gas–Liquid System22.1E Countercurrent Multiple-Contact Stages22.1F Analytical Equations for Countercurrent Stage Contact22.1G Introduction and Equilibrium Relations22.1H Concentration Profiles in Interphase Mass Transfer22.1I Mass Transfer Using Film Mass-Transfer Coefficients and Interface Concentrations22.1J Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients and Driving Forces22.2 Introduction to Absorption22.2A Absorption22.2B Equipment for Absorption and Distillation22.3 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers22.4 Design of Plate Absorption Towers22.5 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption22.5A Introduction to Design of Packed Towers for Absorption22.5B Simplified Design Methods for Absorption of Dilute Gas Mixtures in Packed Towers22.5C Design of Packed Towers Using Transfer Units22.6 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers22.6A Calculating the Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers22.6B Estimation of Efficiencies of Tray and Packed Towers22.7 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers22.8 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers22.8A Experimental Determination of Film Coefficients22.8B Correlations for Film Coefficients22.8C Predicting Mass-Transfer Film Coefficients22.9 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption22.9A Heat Effects in Absorption22.9B Simplified Design Method22.10 Chapter Summary
Chapter 23 Humidification Processes
23.0 Chapter Objectives23.1 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity23.1A Vapor Pressure of Water23.1B Humidity and a Humidity Chart23.1C Adiabatic Saturation Temperatures23.1D Wet Bulb Temperature23.2 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification23.3 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers23.3A Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers23.3B Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using Film Mass-Transfer Coefficients23.3C Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients23.3D Minimum Value of Air Flow23.3E Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using the Height of a Transfer Unit23.3F Temperature and Humidity of an Air Stream in a Tower23.3G Dehumidification Tower23.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 24 Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid–Liquid or Solid–Liquid Phase)
24.0 Chapter Objectives24.1 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration24.1A Introduction24.1B Types of Filtration Equipment24.1C Filter Media and Filter Aids24.2 Basic Theory of Filtration24.2A Introduction to the Basic Theory of Filtration24.2B Filtration Equations for Constant-Pressure Filtration24.2C Filtration Equations for Constant-Rate Filtration24.3 Membrane Separations24.3A Introduction24.3B Classification of Membrane Processes24.4 Microfiltration Membrane Processes24.4A Introduction24.4B Models for Microfiltration24.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes24.5A Introduction24.5B Types of Equipment for Ultrafiltration24.5C Flux Equations for Ultrafiltration24.5D Effects of Processing Variables in Ultrafiltration24.6 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes24.6A Introduction24.6B Flux Equations for Reverse Osmosis24.6C Effects of Operating Variables24.6D Concentration Polarization in Reverse-Osmosis Diffusion Model24.6E Permeability Constants for Reverse-Osmosis Membranes24.6F Types of Equipment for Reverse Osmosis24.6G Complete-Mixing Model for Reverse Osmosis24.7 Dialysis24.7A Series Resistances in Membrane Processes24.7B Dialysis Processes24.7C Types of Equipment for Dialysis24.7D Hemodialysis in an Artificial Kidney24.8 Chapter Summary
Chapter 25 Gaseous Membrane Systems
25.0 Chapter Objectives25.1 Gas Permeation25.1A Series Resistances in Membrane Processes25.1B Types of Membranes and Permeabilities for Separation of Gases25.1C Types of Equipment for Gas-Permeation Membrane Processes25.1D Introduction to Types of Flow in Gas Permeation25.2 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes25.2A Basic Equations Used25.2B Solution of Equations for Design of a Complete-Mixing Case25.2C Minimum Concentration of Reject Stream25.3 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures25.3A Derivation of Equations25.3B Iteration Solution Procedure for Multicomponent Mixtures25.4 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes25.4A Derivation of the Basic Equations25.4B Procedure for Design of Cross-Flow Case25.5 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes25.5A Concentration Gradients in Membranes25.5B Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent Flow in Dense-Phase Symmetric Membranes25.5C Solution of Countercurrent Flow Equations in Dense-Phase Symmetric Membranes25.5D Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent Flow in Asymmetric Membranes25.5E Derivation of Equations for Cocurrent Flow in Asymmetric Membranes25.5F Effects of Processing Variables on Gas Separation25.6 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes25.6A Countercurrent Flow25.6B Short-Cut Numerical Method25.6C Use of a Spreadsheet for the Finite-Difference Numerical Method25.6D Calculation of Pressure-Drop Effects on Permeation25.7 Chapter Summary
Chapter 26 Distillation
26.0 Chapter Objectives26.1 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases26.1A Phase Rule and Raoult’s Law26.1B Boiling-Point Diagrams and x-y Plots26.2 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages26.2A Equipment for Distillation26.2B Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Vapor–Liquid System26.3 Simple Distillation Methods26.3A Introduction26.3B Relative Volatility of Vapor–Liquid Systems26.3C Equilibrium or Flash Distillation26.3D Simple Batch or Differential Distillation26.3E Simple Steam Distillation26.4 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe–Thiele and Lewis Methods26.4A Introduction to Distillation with Reflux26.4B McCabe–Thiele Method of Calculation for the Number of Theoretical Stages26.4C Total and Minimum Reflux Ratio for McCabe–Thiele Method26.4D Special Cases for Rectification Using the McCabe–Thiele Method26.5 Tray Efficiencies26.5A Tray Efficiencies26.5B Types of Tray Efficiencies26.5C Relationship Between Tray Efficiencies26.6 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties26.6A Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers26.6B Condenser and Reboiler Duties Using the McCabe–Thiele Method26.7 Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy–Concentration Method26.7A Enthalpy–Concentration Data26.7B Distillation in the Enriching Section of a Tower26.7C Distillation in the Stripping Section of a Tower26.8 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures26.8A Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation26.8B Equilibrium Data in Multicomponent Distillation26.8C Boiling Point, Dew Point, and Flash Distillation26.8D Key Components in Multicomponent Distillation26.8E Total Reflux for Multicomponent Distillation26.8F Shortcut Method for the Minimum Reflux Ratio for Multicomponent Distillation26.8G Shortcut Method for Number of Stages at Operating Reflux Ratio26.9 Chapter Summary
Chapter 27 Liquid–Liquid Extraction
27.0 Chapter Objectives27.1 Introduction to Liquid–Liquid Extraction27.1A Introduction to Extraction Processes27.1B Equilibrium Relations in Extraction27.2 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction27.2A Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction27.3 Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid–Liquid Extraction27.3A Introduction and Equipment Types27.3B Mixer–Settlers for Extraction27.3C Spray Extraction Towers27.3D Packed Extraction Towers27.3E Perforated-Plate (Sieve-Tray) Extraction Towers27.3F Pulsed Packed and Sieve-Tray Towers27.3G Mechanically Agitated Extraction Towers27.4 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction27.4A Introduction27.4B Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction27.4C Countercurrent-Stage Extraction with Immiscible Liquids27.4D Design of Towers for Extraction27.4E Design of Packed Towers for Extraction Using Mass-Transfer Coefficients27.5 Chapter Summary
Chapter 28 Adsorption and Ion Exchange
28.0 Chapter Objectives28.1 Introduction to Adsorption Processes28.1A Introduction28.1B Physical Properties of Adsorbents28.1C Equilibrium Relations for Adsorbents28.2 Batch Adsorption28.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns28.3A Introduction and Concentration Profiles28.3B Breakthrough Concentration Curve28.3C Mass-Transfer Zone28.3D Capacity of Column and Scale-Up Design Method28.3E Basic Models for Predicting Adsorption28.3F Processing Variables and Adsorption Cycles28.4 Ion-Exchange Processes28.4A Introduction and Ion-Exchange Materials28.4B Equilibrium Relations in Ion Exchange28.4C Use of Equilibrium Relations and Relative-Molar-Selectivity Coefficients28.4D Concentration Profiles and Breakthrough Curves28.4E Capacity of Columns and Scale-Up Design Method28.5 Chapter Summary
Chapter 29 Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction
29.0 Chapter Objectives29.1 Introduction to Crystallization29.1A Crystallization and Types of Crystals29.1B Equilibrium Solubility in Crystallization29.1C Yields, Material, and Energy Balances in Crystallization29.1D Equipment for Crystallization29.2 Crystallization Theory29.2A Introduction29.2B Nucleation Theories29.2C Rate of Crystal Growth and the ΔL Law29.2D Particle Size Distribution of Crystals29.2E Model for Mixed Suspension–Mixed Product Removal Crystallizer29.3 Mechanical Size Reduction29.3A Introduction29.3B Particle Size Measurement29.3C Energy and Power Required in Size Reduction29.3D Equipment for Particle Size Reduction29.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 30 Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation
30.0 Chapter Objectives30.1 Settling and Sedimentation in Particle–Fluid Separation30.1A Introduction30.1B Theory of Particle Movement Through a Fluid30.1C Hindered Settling30.1D Wall Effect on Free Settling30.1E Differential Settling and Separation of Solids in Classification30.1F Sedimentation and Thickening30.1G Equipment for Settling and Sedimentation30.2 Centrifugal Separation Processes30.2A Introduction30.2B Forces Developed in Centrifugal Separation30.2C Equations for Rates of Settling in Centrifuges30.2D Centrifuge Equipment for Sedimentation30.2E Centrifugal Filtration30.2F Gas–Solid Cyclone Separators30.3 Chapter Summary
Chapter 31 Leaching
31.0 Chapter Objectives31.1 Introduction and Equipment for Liquid–Solid Leaching31.1A Leaching Processes31.1B Preparation of Solids for Leaching31.1C Rates of Leaching31.1D Types of Equipment for Leaching31.2 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching31.2A Equilibrium Relations in Leaching31.2B Single-Stage Leaching31.3 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching31.3A Introduction and Operating Line for Countercurrent Leaching31.3B Variable Underflow in Countercurrent Multistage Leaching31.3C Constant Underflow in Countercurrent Multistage Leaching31.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 32 Evaporation
32.0 Chapter Objectives32.1 Introduction32.1A Purpose32.1B Processing Factors32.2 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods32.2A General Types of Evaporators32.2B Methods of Evaporator Operations32.3 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators32.4 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators32.4A Heat and Material Balances for Evaporators32.4B Effects of Processing Variables on Evaporator Operation32.4C Boiling-Point Rise of Solutions32.4D Enthalpy–Concentration Charts of Solutions32.5 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators32.5A Introduction32.5B Temperature Drops and Capacity of Multiple-Effect Evaporators32.5C Calculations for Multiple-Effect Evaporators32.5D Step-by-Step Calculation Methods for Triple-Effect Evaporators32.6 Condensers for Evaporators32.6A Introduction32.6B Surface Condensers32.6C Direct-Contact Condensers32.7 Evaporation of Biological Materials32.7A Introduction and Properties of Biological Materials32.7B Fruit Juices32.7C Sugar Solutions32.7D Paper-Pulp Waste Liquors32.8 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression32.8A Introduction32.8B Mechanical Vapor-Recompression Evaporator32.8C Thermal Vapor-Recompression Evaporator32.9 Chapter Summary
Chapter 33 Drying
33.0 Chapter Objectives33.1 Introduction and Methods of Drying33.1A Purposes of Drying33.2 Equipment for Drying33.2A Tray Dryer33.2B Vacuum-Shelf Indirect Dryers33.2C Continuous Tunnel Dryers33.2D Rotary Dryers33.2E Drum Dryers33.2F Spray Dryers33.2G Drying Crops and Grains33.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity33.3A Vapor Pressure of Water33.3B Humidity and Humidity Chart33.3C Adiabatic Saturation Temperatures33.3D Wet Bulb Temperature33.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials33.4A Introduction33.4B Experimental Data of Equilibrium Moisture Content for Inorganic and Biological Materials33.4C Bound and Unbound Water in Solids33.4D Free and Equilibrium Moisture of a Substance33.5 Rate-of-Drying Curves33.5A Introduction and Experimental Methods33.5B Rate of Drying Curves for Constant-Drying Conditions33.5C Drying in the Constant-Rate Period33.5D Drying in the Falling-Rate Period33.5E Moisture Movements in Solids During Drying in the Falling-Rate Period33.6 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period33.6A Method for Using an Experimental Drying Curve33.6B Method Using Predicted Transfer Coefficients for Constant-Rate Period33.6C Effect of Process Variables on a Constant-Rate Period33.7 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period33.7A Method Using Numerical Integration33.7B Calculation Methods for Special Cases in Falling-Rate Region33.8 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period33.8A Introduction33.8B Derivation of the Equation for Convection, Conduction, and Radiation33.9 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow33.9A Introduction33.9B Liquid Diffusion of Moisture in Drying33.9C Capillary Movement of Moisture in Drying33.9D Comparison of Liquid Diffusion and Capillary Flow33.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers33.10A Through-Circulation Drying in Packed Beds33.10B Tray Drying with Varying Air Conditions33.10C Material and Heat Balances for Continuous Dryers33.10D Continuous Countercurrent Drying33.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials33.11A Introduction33.11B Derivation of Equations for Freeze-Drying33.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials33.12A Introduction33.12B Thermal Death-Rate Kinetics of Microorganisms33.12C Determination of Thermal Process Time for Sterilization33.12D Sterilization Methods Using Other Design Criteria33.12E Pasteurization33.12F Effects of Thermal Processing on Food Constituents33.13 Chapter Summary
PART 3 APPENDIXES
Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors
Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water
Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials
Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens
Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data
Notation
Index

Content preview from Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 5th Edition

Chapter 16. Heat Exchangers

16.0 Chapter Objectives

On completion of this chapter, a student should be able to:

Describe the three common types of heat exchanges described in the chapter
Calculate the log mean temperature difference (ΔT_lm) for counter/parallel flow heat exchangers
Calculate the correction factor (F_T) to account for the effect of multipass heat exchangers
Define and calculate the heat exchanger effectiveness factor (ε)
Define what is meant by the terms mixed and unmixed as applied to a cross-flow-exchanger
Calculate and define the effect that fouling has on the overall heat-transfer coefficient
Perform a simple thermal design of a double-pipe heat exchanger

16.1 Types of Exchangers

1. Introduction. In the process industries, ...

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Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations) Fourth Edition

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Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 5th Edition

by Christie John Geankoplis, Daniel H. Lepek, Allen Hersel