Understanding TCP/IP

9.3 Establishing and Terminating a Connection with TCP

The core of IP was the IP datagram description. Since IP is a datagram-oriented (connectionless) service, there was not much of a need to prepare for cases in which the IP datagram was not delivered. At most, IP can signal this status using ICMP. Signaling with ICMP is only done out of good will in IP. In practice, we often run across cases where signaling with ICMP is restricted because it is not desirable, for example, for security reasons.

TCP uses IP for transferring data over the Internet, even though it establishes a reliable stream-oriented service over this protocol. It must solve the problems of establishing and closing a connection, confirming received data, and re-requesting lost ...