VLSI Digital Signal Processing Systems: Design and Implementation

6.5    FOLDING OF MULTIRATE SYSTEMS

Multirate DSP algorithm descriptions contain decimators and/or expanders (see Section 1.2.9). Fig. 6.20 shows a decimator and an expander. The decimator obeys the input-output relationship y_D(n) = x(Mn), and the expander obeys the input-output relationship

The decimator throws away (M − 1) out of M samples and the expander inserts (M − 1) zero-samples between 2 nonzero samples. The decimator and the expander both have the effect of changing the sample rate.

The folding equation for an edge that contains no decimators or expanders is given in (6.1). Folding equations can also be derived for an edge that contains a decimator or an expander [9]. In this section we derive the equation for edges that contain a decimator; the case where an edge contains an expander is left as an exercise (see Problem 22).

Consider the edge U → V in Fig. 6.21(a), where the output of the node U passes through w₁ delays, decimation by M, and w₂ delays before reaching the node V. Let the l-th iteration of the node U be executed at time unit N_Ul + u and the l-th iteration of V execute at N_Vl + v, where the folding orders u and v satisfy u ∈ [0, N_U) and v ∈ [0, N_V). The signals labeled in

Fig. 6.21(a) are related by

which implies that the sample y(l), which is consumed during ...